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Xu, De-Li and Hu, Xiao-Kai 2017. Photoperiod and temperature differently affect immune function in striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Vol. 204, p. 211.
Bonfim-Mendonça, Patrícia Capoci, Isis Tobaldini-Valerio, Flávia Negri, Melyssa and Svidzinski, Terezinha 2017. Overview of β-Glucans from Laminaria spp.: Immunomodulation Properties and Applications on Biologic Models. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 18, Issue. 9, p. 1629.
Zou, Xiaoxiao Lu, Yan Sun, Qianguang Huang, Huiqin Liu, Min and Bao, Shixiang 2017. <xhtml:span xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">Transcriptome analysis of <em>Meloidogyne incognita</em> encumbered by <em>Pasteuria penetrans</em> endospores provides new insights into bacteria and nematode interaction</xhtml:span>. Nematology, Vol. 19, Issue. 7, p. 839.
Dhani, Shanel Nagiah, Savania Naidoo, Dhaneshree B. and Chuturgoon, Anil A. 2017. Fusaric Acid immunotoxicity and MAPK activation in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells and Thp-1 cells. Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue. 1,
Tian, Yufen Chen, Mengmeng Cui, Xiangdi Du, Min Yu, Qiuli Hu, Xiaokai and Xu, Deli 2017. High Body Mass Has No Effect on Cellular and Innate Immunity in Siberian Hamsters (<i>Phodopus sungorus</i>). Natural Science, Vol. 09, Issue. 07, p. 231.
Wiesner-Reinhold, Melanie Schreiner, Monika Baldermann, Susanne Schwarz, Dietmar Hanschen, Franziska S. Kipp, Anna P. Rowan, Daryl D. Bentley-Hewitt, Kerry L. and McKenzie, Marian J. 2017. Mechanisms of Selenium Enrichment and Measurement in Brassicaceous Vegetables, and Their Application to Human Health. Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 8,
Alpert, Patricia T. 2017. The Role of Vitamins and Minerals on the Immune System. Home Health Care Management & Practice, Vol. 29, Issue. 3, p. 199.
Kemse, Nisha G. Kale, Anvita A. and Joshi, Sadhana R. 2016. Supplementation of maternal omega-3 fatty acids to pregnancy induced hypertension Wistar rats improves IL10 and VEGF levels. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids (PLEFA), Vol. 104, p. 25.
Degtyar, N.I. Gerasimenko, N.D. and Racine, M.S. 2016. Physical Activity Reduces Levels of Systemic Inflammation and the Risk of Internal Diseases. Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu, Vol. 1, Issue. 2, p. 59.
Marinković, Emilija Lukić, Ivana Kosanović, Dejana Inić-Kanada, Aleksandra Gavrović-Jankulović, Marija and Stojanović, Marijana 2016. Recombinantly produced banana lectin isoform promotes balanced pro-inflammatory response in the colon. Journal of Functional Foods, Vol. 20, p. 68.
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Luceri, Cristina Femia, Angelo Pietro Fazi, Marilena Di Martino, Carmela Zolfanelli, Federica Dolara, Piero and Tonelli, Francesco 2016. Effect of butyrate enemas on gene expression profiles and endoscopic/histopathological scores of diverted colorectal mucosa: A randomized trial. Digestive and Liver Disease, Vol. 48, Issue. 1, p. 27.
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Hernandez-Trujillo, Vivian P. Scalchunes, Chris Hernandez-Trujillo, Hillary S. Boyle, John Williams, Paul Boyle, Marcia and Orange, Jordan S. 2015. Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases. Clinical Pediatrics, Vol. 54, Issue. 13, p. 1265.
Meng, Huicui Lee, Yujin Ba, Zhaoyong Fleming, Jennifer A. Furumoto, Emily J. Roberts, Robert F. Kris-Etherton, Penny M. and Rogers, Connie J. 2015. In vitro Production of IL-6 and IFN-γ is Influenced by Dietary Variables and Predicts Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Incidence and Severity Respectively in Young Adults. Frontiers in Immunology, Vol. 6,
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Wham, Carol Baggett, Fiona Teh, Ruth Moyes, Simon Kēpa, Mere Connolly, Martin Jatrana, Santosh and Kerse, Ngaire 2015. Dietary protein intake may reduce hospitalisation due to infection in Māori of advanced age: LiLACS NZ. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, Vol. 39, Issue. 4, p. 390.
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The immune system acts to protect the host from infectious agents that exist in the environment (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites) and from other noxious insults. The immune system is constantly active, acting to discriminate ‘non-self’ from ‘self’. The immune system has two functional divisions: the innate and the acquired. Both components involve various blood-borne factors (complement, antibodies, cytokines) and cells. A number of methodologies exist to assess aspects of immune function; many of these rely upon studying cells in culture ex vivo. There are large inter-individual variations in many immune functions even among the healthy. Genetics, age, gender, smoking habits, habitual levels of exercise, alcohol consumption, diet, stage in the female menstrual cycle, stress, history of infections and vaccinations, and early life experiences are likely to be important contributors to the observed variation. While it is clear that individuals with immune responses significantly below ‘normal’ are more susceptible to infectious agents and exhibit increased infectious morbidity and mortality, it is not clear how the variation in immune function among healthy individuals relates to variation in susceptibility to infection. Nutrient status is an important factor contributing to immune competence: undernutrition impairs the immune system, suppressing immune functions that are fundamental to host protection. Undernutrition leading to impairment of immune function can be due to insufficient intake of energy and macronutrients and/or due to deficiencies in specific micronutrients. Often these occur in combination. Nutrients that have been demonstrated (in either animal or human studies) to be required for the immune system to function efficiently include essential amino acids, the essential fatty acid linoleic acid, vitamin A, folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin E, Zn, Cu, Fe and Se. Practically all forms of immunity may be affected by deficiencies in one or more of these nutrients. Animal and human studies have demonstrated that adding the deficient nutrient back to the diet can restore immune function and resistance to infection. Among the nutrients studied most in this regard are vitamin E and Zn. Increasing intakes of some nutrients above habitual and recommended levels can enhance some aspects of immune function. However, excess amounts of some nutrients also impair immune function. There is increasing evidence that probiotic bacteria improve host immune function. The effect of enhancing immune function on host resistance to infection in healthy individuals is not clear.
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