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Mohan, K. Padmanaban, A.M. Uthayakumar, V. Chandirasekar, R. Muralisankar, T. and Santhanam, P. 2016. Effect of dietary Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on biological and physiological responses of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquaculture, Vol. 464, p. 42.
Kim, Moo Jung Moon, Youyoun Tou, Janet C. Mou, Beiquan and Waterland, Nicole L. 2016. Nutritional value, bioactive compounds and health benefits of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, Vol. 49, p. 19.
Du, Chun Nan Min, A Young Kim, Hyun Jeong Shin, Suk Kyung Yu, Ha Ni Sohn, Eun Jeong Ahn, Chang-Won Jung, Sung Ug Park, Soo-Hyun and Kim, Mee Ree 2015. Deer Bone Extract Prevents Against Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice. Journal of Medicinal Food, Vol. 18, Issue. 2, p. 157.
Cheng, Diana M. Pogrebnyak, Natalia Kuhn, Peter Krueger, Christian G. Johnson, William D. Raskin, Ilya and Ashida, Hitoshi 2014. Development and Phytochemical Characterization of High Polyphenol Red Lettuce with Anti-Diabetic Properties. PLoS ONE, Vol. 9, Issue. 3, p. e91571.
Cheng, Diana M. Pogrebnyak, Natalia Kuhn, Peter Poulev, Alexander Waterman, Carrie Rojas-Silva, Patricio Johnson, William D. and Raskin, Ilya 2014. Polyphenol-rich Rutgers Scarlet Lettuce improves glucose metabolism and liver lipid accumulation in diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice. Nutrition, Vol. 30, Issue. 7-8, p. S52.
Lee, Jeung Hee Son, Chan Wook Kim, Mi Yeon Kim, Min Hee Kim, Hye Ran Kwak, Eun Shil Kim, Sena and Kim, Mee Ree 2009. Red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaf supplementation improves antioxidant status in C57BL/6J mice fed high fat high cholesterol diet. Nutrition Research and Practice, Vol. 3, Issue. 2, p. 114.
The present study was undertaken to assess the beneficial effects of a daily consumption of 8 % freeze-dried red-pigmented leafy lettuce (Lactuca sativa) on CVD. C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat high-cholesterol diet supplemented with or without red-pigmented leafy lettuce for 4 weeks. The present results showed that the red-pigmented leafy lettuce-supplemented diet significantly decreased the level of total and LDL-cholesterol and TAG in the plasma of the mice. The atherosclerotic index was calculated to be 46 % lower in the mice fed with the lettuce diet compared with the control diet. Lipid peroxidation measured by 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances was markedly reduced in the plasma, liver, heart and kidney of the mice fed the lettuce diet. The content of antioxidants (total glutathione and β-carotene) was significantly increased by lettuce supplementation. The antioxidant defence system by antioxidant enzymes including glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and paraoxanase in blood or liver tissues was also increased, and showed the improved oxidative stress in the mice fed the lettuce diet. The measurement of tail DNA (%), tail extent moment and olive tail moment indicated that the lettuce diet increased the resistance of hepatocyte and lymphocyte DNA to oxidative damage. The present study showed that the supplementation of a high-cholesterol high-fat diet with 8 % red-pigmented leafy lettuce resulted in an improvement of plasma cholesterol and lipid levels, prevention of lipid peroxidation and an increase of the antioxidant defence system and, therefore, could contribute to reduce the risk factors of CVD.
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