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¹⁰ Human Rights Council, ‘Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework’, A/HRC/17/31 (21 March 2011) 29.

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¹⁶ Olney, Shauna and Cholewinski, Ryszard, ‘Migrant Workers and the Rights to Non-Discrimination and Equality’ in Costello, Catherine and Freedland, Mark (eds.), Migrants at Work: Immigration and Vulnerability in Labour Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014) 260.Google Scholar

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²⁵ The hospitality and tourism sectors do not feature in those studies focused on sectors where human rights abuses are the most documented.

²⁶ Obara, note 3.

²⁷ Ibid; Obara and Peattie; McCorquodale et al; Arkani and Theobald; McBeth and Joseph; Morisson and Vermijs, note 4.

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³⁰ Addo and Martin, note 1; Arkani and Theobald, note 4, 203.

³¹ Morisson and Vermijs, note 4.

³² Obara, note 3; Obara and Peattie; McCorquodale et al; McBeth and Joseph, note 4; Addo and Martin, note 1.

³³ Human Rights Council, note 10, 29; Melish, Tara, ‘Putting “Human Rights” Back into the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Shifting Frames and Embedding Participation Rights’ in Rodriguez-Garavito, Cesar (ed.), Business and Human Rights Beyond the End of the Beginning (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2017) 62–75.Google Scholar

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³⁵ McBeth and Joseph, ibid, 95.

³⁶ Ruggie, note 28.

³⁷ Obara, note 3; Obara and Peattie; McCorquodale et al; McBeth and Joseph, note 4.

³⁸ McCorquodale et al, note 4, 207.

³⁹ Obara and Peattie, note 4.

⁴⁰ McCorquodale et al, note 4, 207.

⁴¹ Obara, note 3, 19; this finding was echoed in four interviews with hotel managers and CSR directors conducted as part of the broader investigation from which the employee focus of this article is extracted, Goethals, note 9.

⁴² Obara, note 3.

⁴³ Preuss and Brown, note 5; Goethals, note 9, found that the other three core commitments included in the nine hotel groups’ human rights policy statements include: Ethics; Protection of the rights of children; Elimination of human trafficking. The surveyed hotel groups included: Accor, Hilton, Hyatt, InterContinental, Marriott, NH, Rezidor, NH, Starwood and Wyndham.

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⁴⁷ Human Rights Council, note 10, 16.

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⁵⁰ Ibid.

⁵¹ Werhane and Radin, note 8.

⁵² Mark Goodale, ‘The Power of Right(S): Tracking Empires of Law and New Modes of Social Resistance in Bolivia (and Elsewhere)’ in Goodale and Merry, note 48, 146; Merry, Sally E, Human Rights and Gender Violence (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006) 180.Google Scholar

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⁵⁴ Werhane and Radin, note 8.

⁵⁵ Ibid, 7.

⁵⁶ Goodale, note 52, 160.

⁵⁷ Merry, note 8.

⁵⁸ Goodale, note 52.

⁵⁹ Merry, note 8.

⁶⁰ Marshall, note 44.

⁶¹ Merry, note 8; Marshall, note 44; Goodale and Merry, note 48.

⁶² Lisbeth Segerlund, ‘Business, Human Rights and Marginalised Groups: Consultations as a Form of Democratic Participation in the Work of the UN?’, paper presented at the ‘7th Pan-European International Relations Conference’, organized by the European Consortium for Political Research and SGIR in Stockholm, Sweden, on 9-11 September 2010.

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⁶⁸ Polkinghorne, note 64, 139; consistent with interpretive qualitative research, the qualitative term ‘selection’ is preferred to quantitative ‘sampling’.

⁶⁹ Ibid, 140.

⁷⁰ For concerns about hierarchical interference and issues of anonymity, I did not canvass work-floor employees directly in hospitality businesses.

⁷¹ I conducted observations twice a month for six months at the union hospitality branch clinics or English classes.

⁷² Crouch and McKenzie, note 63.

⁷³ Sarah J Tracy, ‘Qualitative Quality: Eight “Big-Tent” Criteria for Excellent Qualitative Research’ (2010) 16 Qualitative Inquiry 844.

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⁷⁶ Crouch and McKenzie, note 63.

⁷⁷ Polkinghorne, note 64, 140, underscores the importance of people’s willingness to describe their experience to a researcher; Tracy, note 73, observes the significance of transparency as an evaluative criterion in qualitative research.

⁷⁸ I used the concepts identified as commonly relevant in business by Ruggie, note 28, 21–2, including: Equal pay for equal work; Equality at work; Freedom to join a trade union or association and participate in collective bargaining; Respect and dignity; Just and favourable remuneration; Non-discrimination; Family life; Freedom from slavery, forced labour and child labour; Safe and healthy work environment; Privacy; Leisure and rest, and reasonable working hours; Physical and mental health; Access to medical services; Social security; Life, liberty and security of the person; Peaceful assembly; Adequate and decent standard of living (including food, clothing, housing, for health and well-being); Freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment; Freedom to hold opinions, freedom of information and expression; Freedom of thought conscience and religion; Equal recognition, treatment and protection under the law.

⁷⁹ Goethals, note 9, 65; I used pseudonyms to protect the participants’ identity.

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⁸⁴ Tracy, note 73; Crouch and McKenzie, note 63.

⁸⁵ Polkinghorne, note 64.

⁸⁶ Goethals, note 9, 107.

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⁸⁹ Brenkert, note 18.

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¹⁰¹ Obara, note 3; McCorquodale et al, note 4.

¹⁰² Goodale, note 52.

¹⁰³ Baum, note 13.

¹⁰⁴ Merry, note 52, 180.

¹⁰⁵ Paraskevas and Brookes, note 14.

¹⁰⁶ Winchenbach et al, note 13.

¹⁰⁷ Goethals, note 9, 107–23.

¹⁰⁸ Werhane and Radin, note 8, 9.

¹⁰⁹ This argument is also supported by Winchenbach et al, note 13, in their recent study on the value of dignity in tourism employment.

¹¹⁰ Obara, note 3, 24.

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¹¹³ Ibid.

¹¹⁴ McDowell et al, note 93, 2.

¹¹⁵ Marshall, note 44.

¹¹⁶ Goodale, note 52; Marshall, note 44.

¹¹⁷ Obara, note 3, 19.