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⁹ The concepts of industrial districts and clusters have different emphases. On these cognate concepts, see Zeitlin, “Industrial Districts”; Wilson, John F. and Popp, Andrew, “Districts, Networks and Clusters in England: An Introduction,” in Industrial Clusters and Regional Business Networks in England, 1750–1970, ed. Wilson, John F. and Popp, Andrew (Aldershot, 2003), 1–18Google Scholar; and Porter, Michael and Ketels, Christian, “Clusters and Industrial Districts: Common Roots, Different Perspectives,” in A Handbook of Industrial Districts, ed. Becattini, Giacomo, Bellandi, Marco, and De Propris, Lisa, (Cheltenham, U.K., 2009), 172–83Google Scholar. For a review of approaches, see Valeria Giacomin, “A Historical Approach to Clustering in Emerging Economies” (Harvard Business School Working Paper No. 18-018, Boston, 2017).

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¹⁸ Compare Zeitlin, “Historical Alternatives,” and Landes, David S., “Small Is Beautiful. Small Is Beautiful?,” in Piccola e Grande Impresa: un Problema Storico, ed. Fondazione ASSI/Istituto per la Storia dell'Umbria Contemporanea (Milan, 1987), 15–28Google Scholar.

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⁶³ For San Mauro, footwear exports amounted to €296 million in 2016 and for Barletta €216. Giovanni Foresti, Serena Fumagalli, and Lavinia Stoppani, “Monitor dei Distretti e Poli Technologici,” 33, 37, Novembre 2017, Intesa Sanpaolo website, accessed 22 Sept. 2019, https://www.group.intesasanpaolo.com/scriptIsir0/si09/contentData/view/esempio_MonDis_02.pdf?id=CNT-04-0000000042FF2&ct=application/pdf.

⁶⁴ It would have been interesting to cover the previous decades; however, company records for the 1950s and 1960s were very limited.

⁶⁵ European Commission, “Commission Staff Working Document on the Implementation of Commission Recommendation of 6 May 2003 concerning the Definition of Micro, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises,” SEC(2009) 1350, Brussels, 7 Oct. 2009.

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⁷⁵ Company records Sco 1984–1991 (file 4,600), CCBari; company records Nca 1981–1991 (file 8,367), Nfr 1982–1991 (file 4,662), Npn 1984–1991 (file 11,850), Npo 1981–1991 (file 4,935), Nrs 1976–1991 (file 5,212), Chamber of Commerce, Forlì.

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