¹ For examples of these types of gendered history, see Alisa Freedman, “Commuting Gazes: Schoolgirls, Salarymen and Electric Trains in Tokyo,” 37-45; Beth Muellner, “The Deviance of Respectability: Nineteenth Century Transport for a Women's Perspective,” 37-45; and Ian Carter “The Lady in the Trunk: Railways, Gender and Crime Fiction,” 46-59, all in the Journal of Transport History 23, no. 1 (Mar. 2002)Google Scholar; Cohen, Patricia C., “Safety and Danger: Women on American Public Transport, 1750–1850,” in Gendered Domain: Rethinking Public and Private in Women's History, eds. Helly, Dorothy and Reverby, Susan M. (Ithaca, 1992), 109–22Google Scholar; and Harrington, Ralph, “Beyond the Bathing Belle: Images of Women in InterWar Railway Publicity,” Journal of Transport History 25 (Mar. 2004): 22–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

² For traditional academic volumes on rail transportation in the United States, see Hedges, James B., Henry Villard and the Railways of the Northwest (New York, 1930)Google Scholar; Lewis, Oscar, Big Four: The Story of Huntington, Stanford, Hopkins and Crocker and the Building of the Central Pacific (New York, 1938)Google Scholar; Grodinsky, Julius, Transcontinental Railway Strategy, 1869–1893 (Philadelphia, 1962)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Hoyt, Edwin, The Vanderbilts and Their Fortunes (Garden City, N.J., 1962).Google Scholar For the United Kingdom, see Clinker, C. R., The Leicester & Swannington Railway: A Detailed History of One of Britain's Earliest Railways (1954; reprint Bristol, 1977)Google Scholar; Dow, George, Grand Central, 3 vols. (London, 1959-1965)Google Scholar; and Edward T. MacDermot, History of the Great Western Railway (n.p., 1927-31). For specialist publishers of particular branches of transportation history in the United Kingdom, see David & Charles, Newton Abbott, in Devon and Ian Allen Publishing. “Boys and their toys” is a clichéd phrase to describe the male fascination, almost obsession, with machines of one variety or another, but it was also recently used as the title of a highly respectable collection of essays on masculinity, work, and experience. See Horowitz, Roger, ed., Boys and their Toys? Masculinity, Class, and Technology in America (New York), 2001.Google Scholar Half of the articles in this collection were about transportation.

³ Rostow, Walt W., The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, U.K., 1960).Google Scholar

⁴ Fogel, Robert W., Railroads and American Economic Growth: Essays in Econometric History (Baltimore, 1964)Google Scholar; and Fishlow, Albert E., American Railroads and the Transformation of the Antebellum Economy (Cambridge, Mass., 1965)Google Scholar, examined the United States, while Hawke, Gary R., Railways and Economic Growth in England and Wales, 1840–1870 (Oxford, 1970)Google Scholar assessed some railways in the United Kingdom.

⁵ Goodrich, Carter, Government Promotion of Canals and Railroads (New York, 1960)Google Scholar; Saloutos, Theodore, “Land Policy and Its Relation to Agricultural Production and Distribution, 1862–1933,” Journal of Economic History 22 (Dec. 1962): 445–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar; MacAvoy, Paul, The Economic Effects of Regulation: The Trunk-Line Railroad Cartels and the Interstate Commerce Commission before 1900 (Cambridge, Mass., 1965)Google Scholar; Reed, M. C., ed., Railways in the Victorian Economy (Newton Abbot, Devon, U.K., 1969)Google Scholar; Aldcroft, Derek H., Studies in British Transport (Newton Abbot, Devon, U.K., 1974).Google Scholar

⁶ Parris, Henry, Government and the Railways in Nineteenth-Century Britain (London, 1965)Google Scholar; McCraw, Thomas K., “Regulation in America: A Review Article,” Business History Review 49 (Summer 1975): 159–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Derthick, Martha and Quirk, Paul J., The Politics of Deregulation (Washington, D.C., 1985)Google Scholar; MacAvoy, Paul W., The Regulated Industries and the Economy (New York, 1979)Google Scholar; Wilson, James Q., ed., The Politics of Regulation (New York, 1980)Google Scholar; Lamoreaux, Naomi R., “Regulatory Agencies,” in Encyclopedia of American Political History, vol. 3, ed. Greene, Jack P. (New York, 1984), 1107–17Google Scholar; Vietor, Richard H. K., Contrived Competition: Regulation and Deregulation in America (Cambridge, Mass., 1994).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁷ Warner, Sam Bass, Streetcar Suburb: The Process of Growth in Boston, 1870–1900 (Cambridge, Mass., 1962)Google Scholar, set the pace for the new urban history, but several other notable studies soon followed. See, for example, Kellett, John R., The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (London, 1969)Google Scholar; Dyos, H. J. and Wolff, Michael, eds., The Victorian City: Images and Reality (London, 1973)Google Scholar; McKay, John P., Tramways and Trolleys: The Rise of Urban Mass Transportation in Europe (Princeton, 1976)Google Scholar; Cheape, Charles W., Moving the Masses: Urban Public Transit in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia, 1880–1912 (Cambridge, Mass., 1980)Google Scholar; Foster, Mark S., From Streetcar to Superhighway: American City Planners and Urban Transportation, 1900–1940 (Philadelphia, 1981)Google Scholar; Barrett, Paul, The Automobile and Urban Transit: The Formation of Public Policy in Chicago, 1900–1930 (Philadelphia, 1983)Google Scholar; and Bottles, Scott L., Los Angeles and the Automobile: The Making of the Modern City (Berkeley, Calif., 1987).Google Scholar

⁸ See the following works by Chandler, Alfred D. Jr: Chandler, , ed., The Railroads: The Nation's First Big Business (New York, 1965)Google Scholar; Chandler, , ed., Giant Enterprise: Ford General Motors and the Automobile Industry (New York, 1964).Google Scholar For the discussion on automobile production, see his Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, Mass., 1962)Google Scholar, and for railroads, see The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, Mass., 1977).Google Scholar

⁹ See, for example, Bruce, Robert V., 1877: Year of Violence (Indianapolis, 1959)Google Scholar; Stein, Leon, Pullman Strike (New York, 1969)Google Scholar; and Licht, Walter, Working for the Railroad: The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, 1983).Google Scholar

¹⁰ See, for example, Giedion, Sigfried, Mechanization Takes Command: A Contribution to Anonymous History (New York, 1948)Google Scholar; Marx, Leo, The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America (New York, 1964)Google Scholar; and Trachtenberg, Alan, The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age (New York, 1982)Google Scholar, all of whom comment on American railroads or railroad travel as part of the mechanization that influenced cultural values in the nineteenth century. Schivelbusch, Wolfgang, The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the Nineteenth Century (new ed., Leamington Spa, U.K., 1986)Google Scholar, was able to command much more attention from transportation specialists because the railway in Europe and in the United States was central to his discussions of travel, industrialization, and technological change.

¹¹ For a discussion of culture and transportation history, see Divall, Colin and Revill, George, “Cultures of Transport: Representation, Practice and Technology,” Journal of Transport History 26 (Mar. 2005): 99–111CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Michael Freeman's response to Divall and Revill, “‘Turn If You Want To’: A Comment on the ‘Cultural Turn’ in Divall and Revill's ‘Cultures of Transport”; and Colin Divall and George Revill, “No Turn Needed: A Reply to Michael Freeman,” both in Journal of Transport History 27 (Mar. 2006): 138-43 and 144-49. For examples of research that fall within the boundaries of cultural transportation history, see Michael Freeman, “The Railway as Metaphor, Cultural: ‘What Kind of Railway History' Revisited,” Journal of Transport History 20 (Sept. 1999): 160–67Google Scholar, and his Railways and the Victorian Imagination (New Haven, 1999)Google Scholar; Carter, Ian, Railways and Culture in Britain: The Epitome of Modernity (Manchester, U.K., 2001)Google Scholar; Baranowski, Shelley and Furlough, Ellen, eds., Being Elsewhere: Tourism, Consumer Culture, and Identity in Modern Europe and North America, (Ann Arbor, 2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Stanley, Jo, “And After the Cross-dressed Cabin Boys and Whaling Wives? Possible Futures for Women's Maritime Historiography,” Journal of Transport History 23 (Mar. 2002): 9–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Meullner, “The Deviance of Respectability”; Harrington, “Beyond the Bathing Belle”; and Walton, John, “Transport, Travel, Tourism, and Mobility: A Cultural Turn?” Journal of Transport History 27 (Sept. 2006): 129–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹² For information on the International Association for the History of Transport, Technology and Mobility, T²M, see the Web site www.t2m.org, and for the position of this organization with regard to the ongoing debates about transportation history, see the editorial by Mom, Gijs in the Journal of Transport History 27 (Mar. 2006): ix–xi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar The journal is affiliated with T²M. See also Divall, Colin, “Transport Museums: Another Kind of Historiography,” Journal of Transport History 24 (Sept. 2003): 259–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹³ Scharff, Virginia, “Mobility, Women, and the West,” in Over the Edge: Remapping the American West, eds. Matsumoto, Valerie J. and Allmendinger, Blake (Berkeley, Calif., 1999), 160–71Google Scholar; and “Lighting Out for the Territory: Women, Mobility, and Western Place,” in Power and Place in the North American West, eds. White, Richard and Findlay, John M. (Seattle, 1999), 287–303.Google Scholar

¹⁴ The broad disciplinary range of authors writing on gender and transportation can be seen in the “Gender and Transport” special issue of the Journal of Transport History 23 (Mar. 2002)Google Scholar.

¹⁵ For insights into the three waves of feminism, see Sharp, Joanne, “Feminisms,” in A Companion to Cultural Geography, eds. Duncan, James S., Johnson, Nuala C., and Schein, Richard H. (Oxford, 2004), 67–72Google Scholar.

¹⁶ For a succinct discussion of how white women's history was initially challenged by black women's history and then complicated by multicultural women's history, see Ruiz, Vicki L. and DuBois, Ellen C., eds., Unequal Sisters: A Multicultural Reader in U.S. Women's History, 3rd ed. (New York, 2000), xi–xvGoogle Scholar.

¹⁷ Richter, Amy G., Home on the Rails: Women, the Railroad, and the Rise of Public Domesticity (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2005)Google Scholar.

¹⁸ Scharff, Virginia, Taking the Wheel: Women and the Coming of the Motor Age (New York, 1991)Google Scholar.

¹⁹ Beth Kraig had earlier written her dissertation on women and cars, “Woman at the Wheel: A History of Women and the Automobile in America” (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1987)Google Scholar. This study examined the historical development of the American myth of the female driver, incorporating popular cultural images that pervaded American society, as well as historical facts. The portions of the dissertation that were subsequently published focused on American studies. See, for example, “The Liberated Lady Driver,” Midwest Quarterly 28 (Spring 1987): 378–401Google Scholar. An earlier article by Sanford, Charles L., “‘Women's Place’ in American Car Culture,” in The Automobile and American Culture, eds. Lewis, David L. and Goldstein, Laurence (Ann Arbor, 1980), 137–52Google Scholar, offered some sketchy ideas using literary, cinematic, and advertising materials. The stereotype of female drivers has created more interest, whether as a mockery of women's driving skills or as a means of keeping women in the home. See Berger, Michael L., “Women Drivers,” Women's Studies International Forum 9, no. 3 (1986): 257–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁰ O'Connell, Sean, The Car in British Society: Class, Gender and Motoring, 1896-1939 (Manchester, U.K., 1998)Google Scholar; Office for National Statistics, Social Trends 28 (1998 ed., London, 1998), 206Google Scholar.

²¹ I am currently researching women and car driving in the years after World War II. See “Gender and American Automobility,” 2005, University of Michigan-Dearborn Web site http://www.autolife.umd.umich.edu/; “Mobilising Gender: Women, Work and Cars in the United States, 1970-2000” (unpublished paper, 2006)Google Scholar; “At Home at the Wheel? The Woman and Her Automobile in the 1950s,” Eccles Lecture, British Association of American Studies Conference, 2006. Gartman, David, in Auto Opium: A Social History of Automobile Design (New York, 1994)Google Scholar, makes useful observations on the gendered stereotypes associated with car technology.

²² Walsh, Margaret, “Iowa's Bus Queen: Helen M. Schultz and the Red Ball Transportation Company,” Annals of Iowa 53 (Fall 1994): 329–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and “Not Rosie the Riveter: Women's Diverse Roles in the Making of the American Long-Distance Bus Industry,” Journal of Trans-port History 17 (Mar. 1996): 43–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Schmucki, Barbara, “On the Trams: Women, Men and Public Transport in Germany,” Journal of Transport History 23 (Mar. 2002): 60–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Matheson, Rosa M., “Women and the Great Western Railway with Specific Reference to Swindon Works” (Ph.D. diss., University of the West of England, 2002)Google Scholar; Stanley, Jo, “‘Wanted Adventurous Girls’: Stewardesses on Liners, 1919-1939” (Ph.D. diss., Lancaster University, 2004)Google Scholar, and “Go East Young Women (But Not Often): Inter-war British Indian Line Stewardesses,” in British Ships in China Seas: 1700 to Present Day, eds. Harding, Richard, Jarvis, Adrian, and Kennerley, Alston (Liverpool, 2004), 99–112Google Scholar; and Maenpaa, Sari, “Women below Deck: Gender and Employment on British Passenger Liners, 1860-1938,” Journal of Transport History 25 (Sept. 2004): 57–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²³ Advertising has proved to be an accessible way of examining the impact of, and the use of, women in transportation services. See Behling, Laura L.. “Fisher Bodies: Automobile Advertisements and the Framing of Modern American Female Identity,” Centennial Review 41 (Fall 1997): 515–28Google Scholar; Harrington, “Beyond the Bathing Belle”; Margaret Walsh, “Gender and Advertising in the Service Sector of the American Bus Industry,” paper presented at the European Business History Conference, Frankfurt, Sept. 2005; Lyth, Peter, “‘Think of Her as Your Mother’: Airline Advertising and the Stewardess, 1930-80,” unpublished paper, 2006Google Scholar.

²⁴ For a useful discussion on agency and the construction of gendered activities, see Lerman, Nina, Mohun, Arwen Palmer, and Oldenziel, Ruth, “The Shoulders We Stand On and the View from Here: Historiography and Directions for Research,” special issue, “Gender Analysis and the History of Technology,” Technology and Culture 38 (Jan. 1997): 9–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁵ Ayers, Pat, “The Making of Men: Masculinities in Interwar Liverpool,” in Working Out Gender: Perspectives from Labour History, ed. Walsh, Margaret (Aldershot, Hants., 1999), 66–83Google Scholar. For an insightful discussion of working-class masculinity, see Baron, Ava, “Masculinity, the Embodied Male Worker, and the Historian's Gaze,” International Labor and Working Class History 69 (Spring 2006): 143–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁶ Valerie Burton, “‘Whoring, Drinking Sailors’: Reflections on Masculinity from the Labour History of Nineteenth Century British Shipping,” in Walsh, ed., Working Out Gender, 84-101; see also Burton's article, “The Myth of Batchelor Jack: Masculinity, Patriarch and Seafaring Labour,” in Jack Tar in History: Essays in the History of Maritime Labour, eds. Howel, Colin and Twomey, Richard J. (Fredericton, N.B., 1991), 177–98Google Scholar.

²⁷ Lisa A. Lindsay, “Money, Marriage, and Masculinity on the Colonial Nigerian Railway,” and Lindsay, Lisa A. and Miescher, Stephen F., “Introduction: Men and Masculinities in Modern African History,” both in Men and Masculinities in Modern Africa, eds. Lindsay, Lisa A. and Miescher, Stephan F. (Portsmouth, N.H., 2003), 1–28, 138-55Google Scholar; Lindsay, Lisa A., “‘No Need… to Think of Home’? Masculinity and Domestic Life on the Nigerian Railway, c.1941-61,” Journal of African History 39, no. 3 (1998): 439–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Working with Gender: Wage Labor and Social Change in Southwestern Nigeria (Portsmouth, N.H., 2003)Google Scholar.

²⁸ Taksa, Lucy, “‘About as Popular as a Dose of Clap’: Steam, Diesel and Masculinity at the New South Wales Eveleigh Railway Workshops,” Journal of Transport History 26 (Sept. 2005): 79–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁹ Ibid., 81-83; Paul M. Taillon, “‘To Make Men out of Crude Material’: Work Culture, Manhood and Unionism in the Railroad Running Trades, c.1870-1900,” in Boys and Their Toys? ed. Horowitz, 33-54; Strangleman, Tim, Work Identity at the End of the Line? Privatisation and Culture Change in the U.K. Rail Industry (Houndmills, 2004)Google Scholar.

³⁰ For information about African American workers on the railroads and on their fraternal organizations, see Santino, Jack, Miles of Smile, Years of Struggle: Stories of Black Pullman Porters (Urbana, Ill. 1989)Google Scholar; Chateauvert, Melinda, Marching Together: Women of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (Urbana, Ill., 1998)Google Scholar; and Arnesen, Eric, Brotherhoods of Color: Black Railroad Workers and the Struggle for Equality (Cambridge, Mass., 2001)Google Scholar.

³¹ See, for example, Carnes, Mark C. and Griffen, Clyde, eds., Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago, 1990)Google Scholar; and Kimmel, Michael, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York, 1996)Google Scholar.

³² The classic study of emotional labor is Arlie Hochschild's work on nonunion Lines, Delta Air, The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling (Berkeley Calif., 1983)Google Scholar.

³³ Rozen, Frieda S., “Turbulence in the Air: The Autonomy Movement in the Flight Attendant Union” (Ph.D. diss., Pennsylvania State University, 1988)Google Scholar; Kolm, Suzanne L., “Women's Labor Aloft: A Cultural History of Airline Flight Attendants in the United States, 1930-1978” (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1995)Google Scholar, and “‘Who Says It's a Man's World?’ Women's Work and Travel in the First Decades of Flight,” in The Airplane in American Culture, ed. Pisano, Dominick (Ann Arbor, 2003), 147–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Tyler, Melissa J., “Women's Work as the Labour of Sexual Difference: Female Employment in the Airline Industry” (Ph.D. diss., University of Derby, 1997)Google Scholar; Dooley, Cathleen M., “Battle in the Sky: A Cultural and Legal History of Sex Discrimination in the United States’ Airline Industry, 1930-1980” (Ph.D. diss., University of Arizona, 2001)Google Scholar; Barry, Kathleen M., “Femininity in Flight: Flight Attendants, Glamour, and Pink-Collar Activism in the Twentieth Century United States” (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 2002)Google Scholar; and Vantoch, Victoria, “Representing America in the Cold War: The Airline Stewardess, Glamour, and Technology, 1945-65” (Ph.D. in progress, University of Southern California)Google Scholar.

³⁴ For other recent studies that place flight attendants in mainstream labor history, see Cobble, Dorothy Sue, “A Spontaneous Loss of Enthusiasm: Workplace Feminism and the Transformation of Women's Service Jobs in the 1970s,” International Labor and Working Class History 56 (Fall 1999): 23–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and The Other Women's Movement: Workplace Justice and Social Rights in Modern America (Princeton, 2004)Google Scholar. Cobble does not use the concept “emotional labor,” though her work addresses the issues involved in treating female workers in stereotypical ways as sex objects, office wives, or “mammies.” See also Boris, Eileen, “Desirable Dress: Rosies, Sky Girls, and the Politics of Appearance,” International Labor and Working Class History 69 (Spring 2006): 123–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³⁵ Barry, Kathleen M., Femininity in Flight: A History of Flight Attendants (Durham, N.C., 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³⁶ Whitelegg, Drew, Working the Skies: The Fast-Paced, Disorienting World of the Flight Attendant (New York, 2007)Google Scholar.

³⁷ See also Whitelegg, Drew, “Cabin Pressure: The Dialectics of Emotional Labour in the Airline Industry,” Journal of Transport History 23 (Mar. 2002): 73–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and “All that Is Solid Is Up in the Air: Constructing the World of Flight Attendants,” paper prepared for the British Association of American Studies Conference, Cambridge, Spring 2005; and Linstead, Stephen, “Averting the Gaze: Gender and Power on the Perfumed Picket Line,” Gender, Work and Organization 2 (Oct. 1995): 196–206CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³⁸ Maenpaa, “Women below Deck”; see also Stanley, “‘Wanted Adventurous Girls.’”

³⁹ Minghua Zhao, “Emotional Labour in a Globalised Market: Seafarers on Cruise Ships,” Working Paper Series 27, Seafarers International Research Centre, Cardiff University, May 2002, 1-28.

⁴⁰ Armstrong, John, “Transport History, 1945-95: The Rise of a Topic to Maturity,” Journal of Transport History 19 (Sept. 1998): 103–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Mora, Gijs, “What Kind of Transport History Did We Get? Half a Century of the Field,” Journal ofTransport History 24 (Sept. 2003): 121–38.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Kwolek-Folland, Angel, Incorporating Women: A History of Business in the United States (New York, 1998)Google Scholar.