Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-16T13:31:00.378Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

U.S. Responses to Japanese Wartime Inhuman Experimentation after World War II

National Security and Wartime Exigency

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 February 2014

HOWARD BRODY ,
SARAH E. LEONARD ,
JING-BAO NIE  and
PAUL WEINDLING
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Bioethics and Defense offers information and commentary on ethical issues arising at the interface between healthcare and warfare. For submissions, contact Griffin Trotter at trotter@slu.edu.

Keywords

human researchwar crimesinformed consentWorld War IIGermanyJapannational securitybiological warfare
Type
Bioethics and Defense
Information
Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics , Volume 23 , Issue 2 , April 2014 , pp. 220 - 230
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

1. Harris, SH. Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932–1945, and the American Cover-Up. New York: Routledge; 2002, at 305.Google Scholar

2. Weindling, PJ. John W. Thompson: Psychiatrist in the Shadow of the Holocaust. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press; 2010.Google Scholar

3. See note 1, Harris 2002.

4. Weindling, P. Die Opfer von Menschenversuchen und gewaltsamer Forschung im Nationalsozialismus mit Fokus auf Geschlecht und Rasse. Ergebnisse eines Forschungsprojekts. In: Eschebach, I, Ley, A, eds. Geschlecht und Rasse in der NS-Medizin. Berlin: Metropol Verlag; 2012:81–100.Google Scholar

5. Proctor, RN. Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1988.Google Scholar

6. Miller, FG. Research and complicity: The case of Julius Hallervorden. Journal of Medical Ethics 2012;38:53–6.Google Scholar

7. Caplan, AL, ed. When Medicine Went Mad: Bioethics and the Holocaust. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 1992.Google Scholar

8. Annas, GJ, Grodin, MA, eds. The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992.Google Scholar

9. Lifton, RJ. The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. New York: Basic Books; 2000, at 295–6.Google Scholar

10. Nie, JB, Guo, N, Selden, M, Kleinman, A, eds. Japan’s Wartime Medical Atrocities: Comparative Inquiries in Science, History, and Ethics. New York: Routledge; 2010.Google Scholar

11. Lafleur, WR, Böhme, G, Shimazono, S, eds. Dark Medicine: Rationalizing Unethical Medical Research. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 2007.Google Scholar

12. See note 4, Weindling 2012.

13. See note 4, Weindling 2012.

14. See note 1, Harris 2002, at 86–7.

15. See note 5, Proctor 1988.

16. See note 11, Lafleur et al. 2007.

17. Tsuchiya, T. Why Japanese doctors performed human experiments in China 1933–1945. Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 2000;10:179–180; available at http://www.eubios.info/EJ106/EJ106C.htm (last accessed 10 Sept 2013).Google Scholar

18. See note 2, Weindling 2010.

19. Shuster, E. Fifty years later: The significance of the Nuremberg Code. New England Journal of Medicine 1997;337:1436–40.Google Scholar

20. Shuster, E. The Nuremberg Code: Hippocratic ethics and human rights. Lancet 1998;351:974–7.Google Scholar

21. See note 2, Weindling 2010, at 148.

22. See note 2, Weindling 2010, at 125.

23. See note 2, Weindling 2010, at 93.

24. See note 1, Harris 2002, at 265.

25. Sanders, M. Interrogation of Tadakama Wakamatsu (11/9/45). In: Kondo, S, ed. Unit 731 and Biological Warfare: A CD-ROM Collection. Tokyo: Kashiwa shobo; 2003, at 5.Google Scholar

26. See note 1, Harris 2002, at 182.

27. Thompson, AT. Report on Japanese Biological (BW) Activities (5/31/46). In: Kondo, S, ed. Unit 731 and Biological Warfare: A CD-ROM Collection. Tokyo: Kashiwa shobo; 2003, at 7.Google Scholar

28. Fell, NH. Conference with Kamei, Kanichiro (4/21/1947). In: Kondo, S, ed. Unit 731 and Biological Warfare: A CD-ROM Collection. Tokyo: Kashiwa shobo; 2003, at 1.Google Scholar

29. Fell, NH. Interrogation of Masuda, Tomosada (4/22/1947). In: Kondo, S, ed. Unit 731 and Biological Warfare: A CD-ROM Collection. Tokyo: Kashiwa shobo; 2003, at 1–2.Google Scholar

30. Fell, NH. Conference with Kamei, Kanichiro (4/24/1947). In: Kondo, S, ed. Unit 731 and Biological Warfare: A CD-ROM Collection. Tokyo: Kashiwa shobo; 2003, at 1–2.Google Scholar

31. See note 1, Harris 2002, at 275.

32. Fell, NH. Interrogation of Kikuchi, Hitoshi (5/1,2,5/1947). In: Kondo, S, ed. Unit 731 and Biological Warfare: A CD-ROM Collection. Tokyo: Kashiwa shobo; 2003, at 2.Google Scholar

33. See note 1, Harris 2002, at 278.

34. Fell, NH. Addendum (6/24/47). In: Kondo, S, ed. Unit 731 and Biological Warfare: A CD-ROM Collection. Tokyo: Kashiwa shobo; 2003, at 2.Google Scholar

35. See note 29, Fell 2003.

36. See note 1, Harris 2002, at 278.

37. See note 1, Harris 2002, at 279.

38. Gomer, R, Powell, JW, Roling, BVA. Japan’s biological weapons: 1930–1945. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 1981;37(8):43–53.Google Scholar

39. Hill, EV, Victor, J. Introduction (12/12/1947). In: Kondo, S, ed. Unit 731 and Biological Warfare: A CD-ROM Collection. Tokyo: Kashiwa shobo; 2003, at 4.Google Scholar

40. See note 32, Fell 2003.

41. See note 1, Harris 2002, at 288.

42. Investigation Division No. 330, Legal Division. Motoji YAMAGUCHI with aliases, et al. (8 November 1946). In: Kondo S, ed. Unit 731 and Biological Warfare: A CD-ROM Collection. Tokyo: Kashiwa shobo; 2003, at 2.

43. See note 1, Harris 2002, at 291–300.

44. SWNCC. Interrogation of certain Japanese by Russian prosecutor (1 August 1947). In: Kondo, S, ed. Unit 731 and Biological Warfare: A CD-ROM Collection. Tokyo: Kashiwa shobo; 2003, Appendix A, at 4.Google Scholar

45. See note 1, Harris 2002, at 301.

46. See note 44, SWNCC 2003, Appendix A, at 6.

47. See note 1, Harris 2002, at 301.

48. See note 44, SWNCC 2003, at 1.

49. See note 1, Harris 2002, at 301–2.

50. See note 1, Harris 2002, at 304.

51. See note 1, Harris 2002.

52. See note 10, Nie et al. 2010.

53. See note 11, Lafleur et al. 2007.

54. Nie, JB. The United States cover-up of Japanese wartime medical atrocities: Complicity committed in the national interest and two proposals for contemporary action. American Journal of Bioethics 2006;6(3):W21–W33.Google Scholar

55. See note 1, Harris 2002.

56. See note 11, Lafleur et al. 2007.

57. The Khabarovsk Trial: Materials on the Trial of Former Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged with Manufacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons. Moscow, USSR: Foreign Languages Publishing House; 1950.

58. See note 11, Lafleur et al. 2007.

59. Nie, JB. The West’s dismissal of the Khabarovsk trial: Ideology, evidence and international bioethics. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 2004;1(1):32–42.Google Scholar

60. See note 1, Harris 2002.

61. See note 11, Lafleur et al. 2007.

62. See note 8, Annas, Grodin 1992.

63. Andre, J. Learning to see: Moral growth during medical training. Journal of Medical Ethics 1992;18:148–52.Google Scholar

64. See note 54, Nie 2006.

65. See note 59, Nie 2004.

66. Nie, JB. On the altar of nationalism and the nation-state: Japan’s wartime medical atrocities, the American cover-up, and postwar Chinese responses. In: Nie, JB, Guo, N, Selden, M, Kleinman, A, eds. Japan’s Wartime Medical Atrocities: Comparative Inquiries in Science, History, and Ethics. New York: Routledge; 2010:123–38.Google Scholar

67. Pellegrino, ED. The Nazi doctors and Nuremberg: Some moral lessons revisited. Annals of Internal Medicine 1997;127:307–8, at 308.Google Scholar

68. Bakhtin, M.Rabelais and His World. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 2009.Google Scholar

69. Stallybrass, P, White, A. The Politics and Poetics of Transgression. London: Methuen; 1986.Google Scholar

70. Rothman, D. Strangers at the Bedside: A History of How Law and Bioethics Transformed Medical Decision Making. New York: Basic Books; 1991, at 37.Google Scholar

71. Miles, SH. Oath Betrayed: America’s Torture Doctors. 2nd ed.Berkeley: University of California Press; 2009.Google Scholar

72. See note 67, Pellegrino 1997.

73. See note 69, Stallybrass, White 1986.

74. Williams, P, Wallace, D. Unit 731: Japan’s Secret Biological Warfare in World War II. New York: Free Press; 1989, at 178–9.Google Scholar

75. Dower, JW. War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War. New York: Pantheon; 1986.Google Scholar

76. See note 54, Nie 2006.