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Environmental and Familial Risk Factors of Parkinsons Disease: Case-Control Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2014

Jaya Sanyal ,
D. P. Chakraborty ,
Biswanath Sarkar ,
Tapas Kumar Banerjee ,
Subhash Chandra Mukherjee ,
Bidhan Chandra Ray  and
V. R. Rao
Jaya Sanyal
Affiliation:
Anthropological Survey of India, Jawaharlal Nehru Road
D. P. Chakraborty
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Bankura Medical College and Hospital
Biswanath Sarkar
Affiliation:
Anthropological Survey of India, Jawaharlal Nehru Road
Tapas Kumar Banerjee
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Center
Subhash Chandra Mukherjee
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Calcutta Medical College and Hospital
Bidhan Chandra Ray
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
V. R. Rao*
Affiliation:
Anthropological Survey of India, Jawaharlal Nehru Road
*
Anthropological Survey of India, 27 Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Spirit Building, Kolkata-700 016, India.
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Abstract

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Background:

While the cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unknown, evidence suggests certain environmental factors, such as well water drinking, herbicides, pesticides exposure and neurotoxins, may trigger the chain of oxidative reactions culminating in the death of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra to cause Parkinsonism. To investigate the possible impact of environmental risk factors for idiopathic PD, a case-control study was performed in the Eastern India.

Methods:

During the period from January 1st, 2006 and December 10th, 2009, 175 PD patients (140 men, 35 women) and 350 non-Parkinson age-sex matched controls were included in the study. Subjects were given a structured neurological examination and completed an administered questionnaire which elicited detailed information on demographic data, pesticides, herbicides family history, occupation, dietary and smoking habits.

Results:

The multivariate analysis revealed that family history of PD, pesticide exposure, exposure to toxins other than pesticides and herbicides, rural living and previous history of depression were associated with increased risk of PD, whereas, smoking appeared to be a protective factor. Well water drinking for at least five years, though a significant risk factor on univariate analysis (OR=4.5, 95% CI=2.1-9.9), could not be proved significant in multivariate analysis. Head trauma, vegetarian dietary habit, occupation involving physical exertion and exposure to domestic pets were not as significant risk factors.

Conclusion:

Results of our study support the hypothesis of multifactorial etiology of PD with environmental factors acting on a genetically susceptible host.

Résumé:

RÉSUMÉ:Contexte:

Bien que la cause de la maladie de Parkinson (MP) demeure inconnue, certains facteurs environnementaux comme la consommation d’eau de puits et l’exposition à des herbicides, à des pesticides et à des neurotoxines pourraient contribuer au déclenchement de la chaîne de réactions oxydatives menant à la mort des neurones dopaminergiques dans le locus niger et causer le parkinsonisme. Pour étudier l’impact possible de facteurs de risque environnementaux dans la MP idiopathique, une étude cas–témoin a été effectuée en Inde orientale.

Méthodes:

Du 1er janvier 2006 au 10 décembre 2009, 175 patients atteints de la MP (140 hommes et 35 femmes) et 350 témoins non atteints de la MP, appariés pour l’âge et le sexe, ont été inclus dans l’étude. Les sujets ont subi un examen neurologique structuré et ont rempli un questionnaire sur les données démographiques, l’exposition à des pesticides et à des herbicides, l’histoire familiale, le métier ou la profession, les habitudes alimentaires et le tabagisme.

Résultats:

L’analyse multivariée a montré que l’histoire familiale de MP, l’exposition à des pesticides, l’exposition à des toxines autres que des pesticides et des herbicides, la vie à la campagne et l’histoire antérieure de dépression étaient associées à un risque accru de MP. Le tabagisme semblait être un facteur de protection. Bien que la consommation d’eau de puits pendant au moins 5 ans ait été un facteur de risque significatif à l’analyse univariée (RC = 4,5 ; IC à 95% 2,1 à 9,9), ce n’était pas significatif à l’analyse multivariée. Le traumatisme crânien, le végétarisme, un métier comportant des efforts physiques et l’exposition à des animaux de compagnie n’étaient pas des facteurs de risque significatifs.

Conclusion:

Les résultats de notre étude sont en faveur de l’hypothèse d’une étiologie multifactorielle de la MP, des facteurs environnementaux agissant chez un individu génétiquement sensible à la maladie.

Type
Original Article
Information
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , Volume 37 , Issue 5 , September 2010 , pp. 637 - 642
Copyright
Copyright © The Canadian Journal of Neurological 2010

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