1 Thomas, Keith, “Cases of Conscience in Seventeenth Century England,” in Morrell, John, Slack, Paul and Wolff, Daniel, eds., Public Duty and Private Conscience in Seventeenth Century England (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993), 29.
2 Butler, Samuel, Hudibras (London: J. Walker, 1817), II.ii.317–18.
3 Locke, John, The Works (London: Thomas Tegg, 1823), Vol. 6, 358, 362, 532.
4 R. E. Ewin distinguishes Hobbesian toleration from liberty of conscience, defends Hobbes's view that conscience should not be understood as opposed to law, and supports “a proper distinction” between conscience and private conscience (Virtues and Rights: The Moral Philosophy of Thomas Hobbes [Boulder: Westview Press, 1991]). He does not, however, relate Hobbesian conscience to the rights of defendants and jurors. James R. Stoner Jr. discusses Hobbes's support for trial by jury but does not relate jury verdicts to the question of conscience (Common Law and Liberal Theory: Coke, Hobbes and the Origins of American Constitutionalism [Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1992], 109–122). Thomas Green relates conscience to jury verdicts but does not discuss Hobbes (Verdict According to Conscience [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985]).
5 Locke, John, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, ed. by Nidditch, Peter N. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1975), 1.3.8.
6 Ibid., 4.19.3; 4.20.17–18.
8 Locke, John, “Error,” cited in John Marshall, John Locke: Resistance, Religion and Responsibility (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 443.
9 Langbein, John H., “The English Criminal Trial sJury on the Eve of the French Revolution,” in Schioppa, A. Padoa, ed., The Trial Jury in England, France, Germany, 1700–1900 (Berlin: Dunker & Humblot, 1987), 25.
10 Locke, John, “The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina,” in Wooton, D., ed., John Locke: Political Writings (London: Penguin, 1993), 224.
12 Smith, Adam, Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue and Arms (1763), ed. By Cannan, E. (New York: Augustus Kelley, 1964), 52.
13 Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 4.19.14.
14 Beattie, John M., “London Juries in the 1690s,” in Cockburn, J. S. and Green, T. A., eds., Twelve Good Men and True: The Criminal Trial Jury in England, 1200–1800 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), 214.
15 Stoner, Common Law and Liberal Theory, 119.
16 SirCoke, Edward, The First Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England, or a Commentary on Littleton (8th ed.; London: Society of Stationers, 1670), 155. Hobbes's opposition to Coke's position that jurors determine fact, not law, is found in Leviathan, ed. by Oakeshott, M. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1960), chap. 26, 184, and A Dialogue Between a Philosopher and a Student of the Common Laws of England, in Molesworth, W., ed., The English Works (London: John Bonn, 1840), 95; compare 68, 118.
17 Green, Verdict According to Conscience, 153–75.
18 Hobbes, Leviathan, chap. 26, 184.
19 Lewis, C. S., Studies in Words (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 191.
20 Lilbume, John, Walwyn, William, Prince, Thomas and Overton, Richard, An Agreement of the Free People of England (London: Gilbert Mabbot, 1649); Walwin, William, Juries Justified: or A WORD of CORRECTION to Mr. Henry Robinson; for His seven Objections against Trial of Causes, by Juries of twelve men (London: Robert Wood, 1651); Jones, John, Jurors Judges of Law and Fact (London: W.D., 1650): Green, Verdict According to Conscience, 153–75; and Green, Thomas A., “The English Criminal Trial Jury and the Law-Finding Traditions on the Eve of the French Revolution,” in Schioppa, , ed., The Trial Jury in England, France, Germany, 41–49.
21 Walwin, Juries Justified, 4, 8.
22 Langbein, John H., Prosecuting Crime in the Renaissance: England, Germany, France (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974), 119; Langbein, John H., Torture and the Law of Proof: Europe and England in the Ancien Regime (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972), 78; Langbein, John H., “Historical Foundations of the Law of Evidence: A View from the Ryder Sources,” Columbia Law Review 96 (1996), 1170–1171; Green, Verdict According to Conscience, 105–06; and Shapiro, Barbara, “Beyond Reasonable Doubt” and ldquo;Probable Cause”: Historical Perspectives on the Anglo-American Law of Evidence (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), 5–6.
23 Green, Thomas, “ A Retrospective on the Criminal Trial Jury, 1200–1800,” in Cockburn, and Green, , eds., Twelve Good Men and True, 375.
24 Cudworth, Ralph, The True Intellectual System of the Universe (London: R. Royston, 1678).
25 Wieacker, Franz, A History of Private Law in Europe, trans, by Weir, T. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), 395.
26 Whitaker, Mark, “Hobbes's View of the Reformation,” History of Political Thought 9 (1955), 51.
27 Samson, Margaret, “ ‘Will You Hear What a Casuist He Is?’: Thomas Hobbes as Director of Conscience,” History of Political Thought 11 (1990), 727–729.
28 Cropsey, Joseph, introduction to Hobbes, Thomas, A Dialogue Between a Philosopher and a Student of the Common Laws of England (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971), 25–26.
29 Hobbes, , The English Works, Vol. 6, 190.
31 Luther, Martin, Lectures on Romans, trans, and ed. by Pauck, Wilhelm (London: SCM Press, 1961), 394.
32 Luther, Martin, Works, ed. by Pelikan, Jaroslav (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing, 1958), Vol. 17, 189.
33 Ibid., Vol. 35, 72; also Vol. 30, 72 and Vol. 36, 318.
36 Ibid., Vol. 21,236–37.
37 Calvin, John, Institutes of the Christian Religion, trans, by Allan, John (London: James Clark, 1935), Vol. 2, 63; also 35, 64, 73, 366, 369.
38 Luther, , Works, Vol. 4, 50.
39 Tindale, William, The Works, ed. by Greenslade, S. L. (Glasgow: Blackie, 1938), 212.
40 Knox, John, The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women (1598) (London: n.p., 1608), 56b.
41 Cited in Morris, Christopher, Political Thought in England: Tyndale to Hooker (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), 118.
42 Lake, Peter, Anglicans and Puritans? Presbyterianism and English Conformist Thought from Whitgift to Hooker (London: Unwin Hyman, 1988), 154.
43 Carey, Mary, A Word in Season to the Kingdom of England (London: Giles Calvert, 1647), 9.
44 Carey, Mary, New Jerusalem's Glory (London: n.p., 1651), 238.
45 Cited in Hill, Christopher, Liberty against Law: Some Seventeenth Century Controversies (London: Allen Lane, 1996), 219.
47 Donne, John, Biathanatos (London: John Dawson, 1647), 47.
48 Milton, John, Complete Prose Works (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953–1982), Vol. 3, 369.
49 Hobbes, , English Works, Vol. 6, 368.
50 Milton, , Complete Prose Works, Vol. 4, 338.
51 Allen, J. W., English Political Thought, 1603–1644 (London: Methuen, 1938), 367.
52 Dunn, John, “The Claim to Freedom of Conscience: Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Thought, Freedom of Worship?,” in Grell, O. P., Israel, J. I. and Tyacke, N., eds., From Persecution to Toleration: The Glorious Revolution and Reason in England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), 176.
53 Tuck, Richard, Hobbes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 49.
54 See Stoner, Common Law and Liberal Theory, 48; and Cropsey, , ed., A Dialogue Between a Philosopher and a Student, 25–26, 72.
55 Hobbes, Leviathan, chap. 7, 41.
57 Hobbes, , English Works, Vol. 4, 30 (emphasis in original).
58 Hobbes, Leviathan, chap. 29, 211–12 (emphasis in original).
60 Ibid., chap. 46, 448 (emphasis in original).
61 Hobbes, Leviathan, chap. 14, 92.
64 Langbein, Torture and the Law of Proof, 3–4, 73.
65 Hobbes, Leviathan, chap. 28, 203.
72 Hobbes, , English Works, Vol. 6, 65; Hobbes, Leviathan, chap. 23, 159.
73 Hobbes, , English Works, Vol. 6, 61.
79 Cockburn, James C., A History of English Assizes, 1558–1714 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972), 123.
80 Green, Verdict According to Conscience, 153–75.
81 Green, “The English Criminal Trial Jury and the Law-Finding Traditions,” 48–49.
82 Cockburn, English Assizes, 127.
83 Hobbes, , Dialogue, in English Works, Vol. 6, 138–140.
84 Hobbes, Leviathan, chap. 30, 220.
85 Holmes, Stephen, “Political Psychology in Hobbes's Behemoth,” in Dietz, M. G., ed., Thomas Hobbes and Political Theory (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1990), 140.
86 Hobbes, Leviathan, chap. 30, 227.
87 Hobbes, , English Works, Vol. 6, 227.
88 Ewin, Virtues and Rights, 5, 46–48, 201–04.
89 Locke, , Works, Vol. 6, 143.
91 Locke, Two Treatises, 2.12.
93 Dunn, “The Claim to Freedom of Conscience,” 178.
