Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-45l2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T07:48:27.669Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Life Cycle, Generational and Period Effects on Protest Potential in Yeltsin's Russia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 June 2008

Olena Nikolayenko*
Affiliation:
Stanford University
*
Olena Nikolayenko, Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law, Encina Hall, 616 Serra Street, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA94305-6055; olenan@stanford.edu

Abstract

Abstract. Regime change in Eastern Europe affords an excellent opportunity for investigating linkages between age and politics in times of social turmoil. Using data from three waves of the World Values Survey, this paper explores life cycle, generational and period effects on protest potential in Yeltsin's Russia. The study finds that an individual's position in the life cycle is the strongest predictor of protest potential in the post-communist state. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that citizens socialized during periods of relative socioeconomic stability exhibit the highest protest potential under conditions of uncertainty characteristic of the transition period.

Résumé. Les changements de régime en Europe de l'Est permettent d'examiner la relation complexe entre l'âge et la politique pendant les périodes d'instabilité sociale. S'appuyant sur les données de trois vagues du World Values Survey (sondage mondial sur les valeurs), cet article explore l'incidence du cycle de vie, de la génération et de la période sur le potentiel protestataire dans la Russie d'Eltsine. L'étude démontre que la position de l'individu dans le cycle de vie est le plus puissant facteur de prédiction du potentiel protestataire dans la société postcommuniste. En outre, les citoyens socialisés pendant des périodes de relative stabilité socio-économique présentent le potentiel protestataire le plus élevé dans des conditions d'incertitude caractéristiques de la période de transition.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Political Science Association 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramson, Paul R. 1979. “Developing Party Identification: A Further Examination of Life-Cycle, Generational, and Period Effects.” American Political Science Review 70: 469–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adelson, Joseph and O'Neil, Robert. 1966. “The Growth of Political Ideas in Adolescence: The Sense of Community.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4 (Sept): 295306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, James. 2000. Political Culture in Post-Communist Russia. New York: St. Martin's Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bahry, Donna. 1987. “Politics, Generations, and Change in the USSR.” In Politics, Work, and Daily Life in the USSR: A Survey of Former Soviet Citizens, ed. Millar, James. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Barnes, Samuel H. and Kaase, Max, eds. 1979. Political Action: Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Barnes, Samuel H. and Simon, Janos, eds. 1998. The Postcommunist Citizen. Budapest: Erasmus Foundation.Google Scholar
Beck, Paul Allen and Jennings, Kent M.. 1979. “Political Periods and Political Participation.” American Political Science Review 73 (3): 773–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beissinger, Mark. 1986. “In Search of Generations in Soviet Politics.” World Politics 38 (2): 288314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beissinger, Mark. 2002. Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blais, Andre, Gidengil, Elisabeth and Nevitte, Neil. 2004. “Where Does Turnout Decline Come From?European Journal of Political Research 43 (2): 221–36.Google Scholar
Braungart, Richard G. and Braungart, Margaret M.. 1974. “Protest Attitudes and Behavior Among College Youth: A US Case Study.” Youth and Society 6: 219–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braungart, Richard G. 1975. “Youth and Social Movements.” In Adolescence in the Life Cycle: Psychological Change and Social Context, ed. Dragastin, Sigmund E. and Elder, Glen H. Jr.Washington, DC: Hemisphere.Google Scholar
Brown, Archie. 1989. Political Leadership in the Soviet Union. Basingstoke: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, Nancy. 2002. “Gender: Public Opinion and Political Action.” In Political Science: The State of the Discipline, eds. Katznelson, Ira and Milner, Helen. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Campbell, Andrea Louise. 2003. How Policies Make Citizens: Senior Citizen Activism and the American Welfare State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colton, Timothy. 2000. Transitional Citizens: Voters and What Influences Them in the New Russia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Converse, Philip E. 1976. The Dynamics of Party Support: Cohort-Analyzing Party Identification. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Denton, Frank T. and Spencer, Bryon G.. 2000. Some Demographic Consequences of Revising the Definition of “Old” to Reflect Future Changes in Life Table Probabilities. QSEP Research Report 352.Google Scholar
Erickson, Erick. 1959. Identity and the Life Cycle. New York: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
European Values Study Group and World Values Survey Association. 2006. European and World Values Surveys Four-Wave Integrated Data File, 1981–2004, v.20060423.Google Scholar
Fieldhouse, Edward, Tranmer, Mark and Russell, Andrew. 2007. “Something about Young People or Something about Elections? Electoral Participation of Young People in Europe: Evidence from a Multilevel Analysis of the European Social Survey.” European Journal of Political Research 46(6): 797822.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finifter, Ada and Mickiewicz, Ellen. 1992. “Redefining the Political System of the USSR: Mass Support for Political Change.” American Political Science Review 86 (4): 857–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, Kurt, Yan, Zheng and Stewart, Jeffrey. 2003. “Adult Cognitive Development: Dynamics in the Developmental Web.” In Handbook of Developmental Psychology, eds. Valsiner, Jaan and Connolly, Kevin J.. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Fiszman, Joseph R. 1983. “Types of Dissent and Varieties of Response.” In Politics and Participation under Communist Rule, eds. Potichnyi, Peter J. and Zacek, Jane Shapiro. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Flyvbjerg, Bent. 2004. “Five Misunderstandings about Case-Study Research.” In Qualitative Research Practice, eds. Seale, Clive, Gobo, Giampietro, Gubrium, Jaber F. and Silverman, David. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Friedgurt, Theodore. 1979. Political Participation in the USSR. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gamson, William. 1968. Power and Discontent. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.Google Scholar
Gibson, James L., Duch, Raymond M. and Tedin, Kent L.. 1992. “Democratic Values and the Transformation of the Soviet Union.” Journal of Politics 54 (2): 329–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glenn, Norval D. 1974. “Aging and Conservatism.” Annals of the Academy of Political and Social Science 415: 176–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goerres, Achim. 2007. “Why Are Older People More Likely to Vote? The Impact of Ageing on Electoral Turnout in Europe.” British Journal of Politics and International Relations 9 (1): 90121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorenburg, Dmitry. 2003. Minority Ethnic Mobilization in the Russian Federation. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hahn, Jeffrey. 1991. “Continuity and Change in Russian Political Culture.” British Journal of Political Science 21 (4): 393421.Google Scholar
Hosmer, David W. and Lemeshow, Stanley. 2000. Applied Logistic Regression. 2nd ed.New York: John Wiley and Sons.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, Marc Morje. 2003. “Why Post-Communist Citizens Do Not Join Voluntary Organizations.” In Social Capital and Transition to Democracy, eds. Badescu, Gabriel and Uslaner, Eric M.. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald. 1977. The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Jarvikoski, Timo. 1993. “Young People as Actors in the Environmental Movement.” Young 3(3): 8093.Google Scholar
Jennings, M. Kent. 1987. “Residues of a Movement: The Aging of the American Protest Generation.” American Political Science Review 81: 367–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jennings, M. Kent and Niemi, Richard. 1981. Generations and Politics: A Panel Study of Young Adults and Their Parents. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kluegel, James R. and Mason, David S.. 1999. “Political Involvement in Transition: Who Participated in Central and Eastern Europe?International Journal of Comparative Sociology 40 (1): 4160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohli, Martin. 1994. “Work and Retirement: A Comparative Perspective.” In Age and Structural Lag: Society's Failure to Provide Meaningful Opportunities in Work, Family, and Leisure, eds. Riley, Matilda White, Kahn, Robert L. and Foner, Anne. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Kostadinova, Tatiana. 2003. “Voter Turnout Dynamics in Post-communist Europe.”European Journal of Political Research 42: 741–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leighley, Jan E. 1995. “Attitudes, Opportunities, and Incentives: A Field Essay on Political Participation.” Political Research Quarterly 48: 181209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Letki, Natalia. 2004. “Socialization for Participation? Trust, Membership, and Democratization in East-Central Europe.” Political Research Quarterly 57(4): 665–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lodge, Milton. 1968. “Soviet Elite Participatory Attitudes in the Post-Stalin Period.” American Political Science Review 62 (3): 827–39.Google Scholar
Magnusson, David, Bergmann, Lars and Rudinger, Georg, eds. 1991. Problems and Methods in Longitudinal Research: Stability and Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mannheim, Karl. 1952 [1928]. “The Problem of Generations.” In Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge by Karl Mannheim, ed. Kleckemeti, Paul. London: Routledge and Kegan.Google Scholar
Marsh, Alan. 1974. “Explorations in Unorthodox Political Behaviour: A Scale to Measure Protest Potential.” European Journal of Political Research 2: 107–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, William M. and Fienberg, Stephen E., eds. 1985. Cohort Analysis in Social Research: Beyond the Identification Problem. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McFaul, Michael. 2003. “Generational Change in Russia.” Demokratizatsiya 11 (1): 6478.Google Scholar
Milbrath, Lester. 1965. Political Participation: How and Why Do People Get Involved in Politics? Chicago: Rand McNally.Google Scholar
Mishler, William and Rose, Richard. 2006. “Generations Through Time: The Dynamics of Political Learning During Russia's Transformation.” Studies in Public Policy 412: 144.Google Scholar
Moen, Phyllis. 1991. “Transitions in Mid-Life: Women's Work and Family Roles in the 1970s.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 53 (1): 135–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Rand, Angela and Krecker, Margaret. 1990. “Concepts of the Life Cycle: Their History, Meanings, and Uses in the Social Sciences.” Annual Review of Sociology 16: 241–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Remington, Thomas. 1988. The Truth of Authority: Ideology and Communication in the Soviet Union. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Reshon, Stanley, ed. 1977. Handbook of Political Socialization. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Riley, Matilda White. 1987. “On the Significance of Age in Sociology.” American Sociological Review 52: 114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Kenneth and Jung, Bohdan. 1995. Poland's First Post-Communist Generation. Brookfield, VT: Avebury.Google Scholar
Rose, Richard and Carnaghan, Ellen. 1995. “Generational Effects on Attitudes to Communist Regimes: A Comparative Analysis.” Post-Soviet Affairs 11 (1): 2856.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, Richard, Mishler, William and Haerpfer, Christian. 1998. Democracy and Its Alternatives: Understanding Post-Communist Societies. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakwa, Richard. 1998. Soviet Politics in Perspective. 2nd ed.London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sears, David O. and Valentino, Nicholas A.. 1997. “Politics Matters: Political Events as Catalysts for Preadult Socialization.” American Political Science Review 91 (1): 4565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shorrocks, Anthony and Kolenikov, Stanislav. 2001. Poverty Trends in Russia During the Transition. Helsinki: WIDER Development Conference on Growth and Poverty.Google Scholar
Specter, Michael. 1995. “Plunging Life Expectancy Puzzles Russia.” New York Times August 2.Google Scholar
Tedin, Kent L. and Yap, Oi-Kuan Fiona. 1993. “The Gender Factor in Soviet Mass Politics: Survey Evidence from Greater Moscow.” Political Research Quarterly 46 (1): 179211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tessler, Mark, Konold, Carrie and Reif, Megan. 2004. “Political Generations in Developing Countries: Evidence and Insights from Algeria.” Public Opinion Quarterly 68: 184216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torney-Purta, Judith, Lehmann, Rainer, Oswald, Hans and Schultz, Wolfram. 2001. Citizenship and Education in Twenty-Four Countries: Civic Knowledge and Engagement at Age Fourteen. Amsterdam: The International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement.Google Scholar
Waas, Hanna. 2007. “The Effects of Age, Generation, and Period on Turnout in Finland 1975–2003.” Electoral Studies 26 (3): 648–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watts, Meredith W. 1999. “Are There Typical Age Curves in Political Behaviour? The ‘Age Invariance’ Hypothesis and Political Socialization.” Political Psychology 20 (3): 477–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, Stephen, ed. 1991. Handbook of Reconstruction in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. Detroit: Longman Group.Google Scholar
White, Stephen, Rose, Richard and McAllister, Ian. 1997. How Russia Votes. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.Google Scholar
Willis, Sherry L. 1999. Life in the Middle: Psychological and Social Development in the Middle Age. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Wines, Michael. 2000. “An Ailing Russia Lives a Tough Life That's Getting Shorter.” New York Times December 3.Google Scholar