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Mutations in ZIC3 and ACVR2B are a common cause of heterotaxy and associated cardiovascular anomalies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 August 2011

Lijiang Ma ,
Elif Seda Selamet Tierney ,
Teresa Lee ,
Patricia Lanzano  and
Wendy K. Chung
Lijiang Ma
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States of America
Elif Seda Selamet Tierney
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
Teresa Lee
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States of America
Patricia Lanzano
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States of America
Wendy K. Chung*
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States of America
*
Correspondence to: W. Chung, MD PhD, Herbert Irving Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, Director of Clinical Genetics, 1150 St. Nicholas Avenue, Room 620, New York, New York, United States of America. Tel:+10032 212 851 5313; Fax:+212 851 5306; E-mail: wkc15@columbia.edu
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Abstract

Background

Heterotaxy syndrome is caused by left–right asymmetry disturbances and is associated with abnormal lateralisation of the abdominal and thoracic organs. The heart is frequently involved and the severity of the abnormality usually determines the outcome.

Methods

We performed a direct sequence analysis of the coding sequence of genes including Zinc Finger Protein of the Cerebellum 3, Left–Right Determination Factor 2, Activin A Receptor Type IIB, and Cryptic in 47 patients with laterality defects and congenital cardiac disease.

Results

Of the 47 patients, 31 (66%) had atrioventricular septal defects, 34 (72%) had abnormal systemic venous return, 25 (53%) had transposed or malposed great arteries, and 20 (43%) had pulmonary venous abnormalities. We identified two novel genetic changes in Zinc Finger Protein of the Cerebellum 3, and these variants were not present in 100 ethnically matched control samples. One previously reported missense mutation in Activin A Receptor Type IIB was identified in two unrelated subjects. The genetic changes identified in this study are all located in conserved regions and are predicted to affect protein function in left–right axis formation and cardiovascular development.

Conclusions

Mutations in Zinc Finger Protein of the Cerebellum 3 and Activin A Receptor Type IIB were identified in 4 of the 47 patients with heterotaxy syndrome for a yield of approximately 8.5%. Our results expand the mutation spectrum of monogenic heterotaxy syndrome with associated cardiac anomalies and suggest that there are other causes of heterotaxy yet to be identified.

Keywords

Left–right asymmetrycongenital cardiac defectLEFTYACFC1

Information

Type
Original Articles
Information
Cardiology in the Young , Volume 22 , Issue 2 , 02 March 2012 , pp. 194 - 201
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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