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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 September 2017
Before the commercialization of colonialism, Germans primarily engaged with the possibility of a German colonial empire through German explorers of Africa. This article examines the discourse about such men with an eye to the ways in which Germans formulated identities around them as celebrities in the early Kaiserreich. A shift in the discourse is observable around the time of the beginning of formal German colonialism in the mid-1880s. To that point, observers had placed German explorers within an international scientific community defined by its cosmopolitanism. From the mid-1880s, explorers more often appeared as embodiments of a chauvinistic national identity that defined German colonialism as superior to other variants. This discursive shift was indicative, on the one hand, of the erosion of the Bildungsbürgertum's control of the meaning of German colonialism and, on the other, of the emergence of alternative colonialist identities through public engagement with the exploration of Africa.
Vor der Kommerzialisierung des Kolonialismus haben sich Deutsche mit der Möglichkeit eines deutschen Kolonialreiches vor allem im Zusammenhang mit deutschen Afrikaforschern auseinandergesetzt. Dieser Aufsatz untersucht den Diskurs über diese Männer mit einem besonderen Augenmerk darauf, wie deren Identitäten im frühen Kaiserreich als Berühmtheiten formuliert wurden. Zu Beginn des offiziellen deutschen Kolonialismus Mitte der 1880er Jahre zeichnet sich in diesem Diskurs eine Veränderung ab: Bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt hatten Beobachter die deutschen Forscher als Teil einer internationalen Forschungsgemeinschaft gesehen, die durch Kosmopolitismus definiert war. Aber seit Mitte der 1880er Jahre wurden die Forscher häufiger als Verkörperung einer chauvinistischen Nationalidentität betrachtet, die den deutschen Kolonialismus gegenüber anderen Varianten als überlegen definierte. Diese diskursive Verschiebung war einerseits bezeichnend für den allmählichen Kontrollverlust des Bildungsbürgertums hinsichtlich der Bedeutung des deutschen Kolonialismus und wies andererseits auf das Aufkommen alternativer Kolonialidentitäten durch das öffentliche Engagement mit der Erforschung Afrikas hin.
1 The term explorer includes here people whom contemporaries labeled as Afrikareisender or Afrikaforscher (“Africa travelers” or “Africa researchers”), categories that included figures who did not explicitly “explore,” but who were more generally involved with the European study of Africa in the nineteenth century.
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104 BArch R 1001/254, letter from Jos. Geisel to Emin Pasha Committee, Dec. 13, 1888.
105 BArch R 1001/254, letter from Karl Rottenberger to the German government, Oct. 8, 1888; letter from Paul Paatz to the Auswärtiges Amt, Nov. 13, 1888; letter from Wilhelm Heuser to Bismarck, Dec. 6, 1888.
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108 BArch R 1001/254, letter from Adolf Mauthner to the German government, Sept. 5, 1888.
109 BArch R 1001/254, letter from L. Lahn to Bismarck, Nov. 15, 1888, and letter from Wilhelm Heuser to Bismarck, Dec. 6, 1888.
110 Giloi, Monarchy, Myth, 295–96.
111 “Emin Pascha liegt im Sterben!,” Berliner Tageblatt, Dec. 6, 1889.
112 BArch R 1001/254, telegrams from the kaiser in Reichsanzeiger, Dec. 7, 1889. One journalist interpreted this as a signal of the “modern sensibility” of the German emperor, something for which Germans could also be proud. See Arthur Levysohn, “Politische Wochenschau,” Berliner Tageblatt, Dec. 9, 1889.
113 “Allerlei Gedanken über Afrika,” Beiblatt zum Kladderadatsch, Jan. 26, 1890.
114 “Moltke-Miscellen,” Teltower Kreisblatt, April 30, 1891.
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125 This appeared, without a title, on the first page of the Berliner Tageblatt, Oct. 24, 1894.
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