Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-zzh7m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T10:20:05.304Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Everyday Stress Resilience Hypothesis: A Reparatory Sensitivity and the Development of Coping and Resilience

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 May 2015

Ed Tronick  and
Jennifer A. DiCorcia
Ed Tronick*
Affiliation:
Child Development Unit, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Jennifer A. DiCorcia
Affiliation:
Child Development Unit, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
*
address for correspondence: Ed Tronick, Child Development Unit, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. E-mail: ed.tronick@umb.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Resilience is often associated with extreme trauma or overcoming extraordinary odds. This way of thinking about resilience leaves most of the ontogenetic picture a mystery. In the following review we put forth the Everyday Stress Resilience Hypothesis, in which resilience is analysed from a systems perspective and seen as a process of regulating everyday life stressors. Successful regulation accumulates into regulatory resilience, which emerges during early development from successful coping with the inherent stress in typical interactions. These quotidian stressful events lead to activation of behavioural and physiological systems. Stress that is effectively resolved in the short run and with reiteration over the long term increases children’s, as well as adults’, capacity to cope with more intense stressors. Infants, however, lack the regulatory capacities to take on this task by themselves. Therefore, through communicative and regulatory processes during infant–adult interactions, we demonstrate that the roots of regulatory resilience originate in infants’ relationships with their care givers and that maternal sensitivity can help or hinder the growth of resilience.

Keywords

StressMother-Infant InteractionsCopingResilienceInfant socio-emotional development
Type
Articles
Information
Children Australia , Volume 40 , Special Issue 2: CONSILIENCE IN ACTION - LESSONS FROM AN INTERNATIONAL CHILDHOOD TRAUMA CONFERENCE , June 2015 , pp. 124 - 138
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamson, L. B., & Frick, J. E. (2003). The still face: A history of a shared experimental paradigm. Infancy, 4 (4), 451–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adolph, K. E. (1997). Learning in the development of infant locomotion. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 62 (3), I–VI, 1–158. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9394468CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Bell, S. M. (1970). Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. Child Development, 41 (1), 49–67. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5490680CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Bell, S. M., & Strayton, D. J. (1974). Infant–mother attachment and social development: Socialization as a product of reciprocal responsiveness to signals. In Richards, M. P. M. (Ed.), The integration of a child into a social world (pp. 99–119). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation (p. 391). Oxford: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Atkinson, L., Leung, E., Goldberg, S., Benoit, D., Poulton, L., Myhal, N., . . . Kerr, S. (2009). Attachment and selective attention: Disorganization and emotional Stroop reaction time. Development and Psychopathology, 21 (1), 99–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Juffer, F. (2003). Less is more: Meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood. Psychological Bulletin, 129 (2), 195–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barry, R. A., Kochanska, G., & Philibert, R. A. (2008). G × E interaction in the organization of attachment: Mothers’ responsiveness as a moderator of children's genotypes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 49 (12), 1313–1320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bazhenova, O. V, Plonskaia, O., & Porges, S. W. (2001). Vagal reactivity and affective adjustment in infants during interaction challenges. Child Development, 72 (5), 1314–1326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. (2001). Vagal tone, development, and Gray's motivational theory: Toward an integrated model of autonomic nervous system functioning in psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 13 (2), 183–214. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11393643CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beebe, B., Jaffe, J., Markese, S., Buck, K., Chen, H., Cohen, P.,. . . Feldstein, S. (2010). The origins of 12-month attachment: A microanalysis of 4-month mother–infant interaction. Attachment & Human Development, 12 (1–2), 3–141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beebe, B., & Lachmann, F. M. (1994). Representation and internalization in infancy: Three principles of salience. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 11 (2), 127–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beeghly, M., Fuertes, M., Liu, C., Delonis, M. S., & Tronick, E. Z. (2011). Maternal sensitivity in dyadic context: Mutual regulation, meaning-making, and reparation. In Davis, D. W. & Logsdon, M. C. (Eds.), Maternal sensitivity: A critical review for practitioners. (pp. 45–69) New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.Google Scholar
Bernier, A., Carlson, S. M., & Whipple, N. (2010). From external regulation to self-regulation: Early parenting precursors of young children's executive functioning. Child Development, 81 (1), 326–339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bigelow, A. E., MacLean, K., Proctor, J., Myatt, T., Gillis, R., & Power, M. (2010). Maternal sensitivity throughout infancy: Continuity and relation to attachment security. Infant Behavior & Development, 33 (1), 50–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blandon, A. Y., Calkins, S. D., Keane, S. P., & O’Brien, M. (2008). Individual differences in trajectories of emotion regulation processes: The effects of maternal depressive symptomatology and children's physiological regulation. Developmental Psychology, 44 (4), 1110–1123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss, Volume 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Braungart-Rieker, J. M., Garwood, M. M., Powers, B. P., & Wang, X. (2001). Parental sensitivity, infant affect, and affect regulation: Predictors of later attachment. Child Development, 72 (1), 252–270. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11280483CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brazelton, T. B. (1992). Touchpoints: Emotional and behavioral development. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Brazelton, T. B., Koslowski, B., & Main, M. (1974). The origins of reciprocity: The early mother–infant interaction. In Lewis, M. & Rosenblum, L. A. (Eds.), The effect of the infant on its caregiver (pp. 49–76). Oxford: Wiley-Interscience.Google Scholar
Bugental, D. B., Blue, J., Cortez, V., Fleck, K., Kopeikin, H., Lewis, J. C., & Lyon, J. (1993). Social cognitions as organizers of autonomic and affective responses to social challenge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64 (1), 94–103. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/842 1254CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bugental, D. B., Martorell, G. A., & Barraza, V. (2003). The hormonal costs of subtle forms of infant maltreatment. Hormones and Behavior, 43 (1), 237–244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cacioppo, J. T. (2000). Autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immune responses to psychological stress. Psychologische Beltrage, 42, 4–23.Google Scholar
Calkins, S. D. (1997). Cardiac vagal tone indices of temperamental reactivity and behavioral regulation in young children. Developmental Psychobiology, 31 (2), 125–135. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/92986383.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calkins, S. D., & Hill, A. (2007). Caregiver influences on emerging emotion regulation. In Gross, J. J. (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 229–248). New York City: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Calkins, S. D., Smith, C. L., Gill, K. L., & Johnson, M. C. (1998). Maternal interactive style across contexts: Relations to emotional, behavioral and physiological regulation during toddlerhood. Social Development, 7 (3), 350–369. Retrieved from http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1467-9507.00072CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, S. M., & Wang, T. S. (2007). Inhibitory control and emotion regulation in preschool children. Cognitive Development, 22 (4), 489–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casey, R. J. (1993). Children's emotional experience: Relations among expression, self-report, and understanding. Developmental Psychology, 29 (1), 119–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59 (2–3), 228–249. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7984163CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Champagne, F. A. (2010). Epigenetic influence of social experiences across the lifespan. Developmental Psychobiology, 52 (4), 299–311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Champagne, F. A., & Curley, J. P. (2009). Epigenetic mechanisms mediating the long-term effects of maternal care on development. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 33 (4), 593–600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., Lynch, M., & Holt, K. D. (2009). Resilience in maltreated children: Processes leading to adaptive outcome. Development and Psychopathology, 5 (04), 629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, J. F., Campbell, S. B., Matias, R., & Hopkins, J. (1990). Face-to-face interactions of postpartum depressed and nondepressed mother–infant pairs at 2 months. Developmental Psychology, 26 (1), 15–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, J. F., & Elmore, M. (1988). Effect of contingent changes in mothers’ affective expression on the organization of behavior in 3-month-old infants. Infant Behavior & Development, 11 (4), 493–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, J. F., & Tronick, E. Z. (1987). Mother–infant face-to-face interaction: The sequence of dyadic states at 3, 6, and 9 months. Developmental Psychology, 23 (1), 68–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, J. F., & Tronick, E. Z. (1988). Mother–infant face-to-face interaction: Influence is bidirectional and unrelated to periodic cycles in either partner's behavior. Developmental Psychology, 24 (3), 386–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, P. M., Martin, S. E., & Dennis, T. A. (2004). Emotion regulation as a scientific construct: Methodological challenges and directions for child development research. Child Development, 75 (2), 317–333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Condon, W. S., & Sander, L. W. (1974). Neonate movement is synchronized with adult speech: Interactional participation and language acquisition. Science (New York, N.Y.), 183 (4120), 99–101. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4808791CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conradt, E., & Ablow, J. (2010). Infant physiological response to the still-face paradigm: Contributions of maternal sensitivity and infants’ early regulatory behavior. Infant Behavior & Development, 33 (3), 251–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conway, A. M., & McDonough, S. C. (2006). Emotional resilience in early childhood: developmental antecedents and relations to behavior problems. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 272–277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crockenberg, S. C., & Leerkes, E. M. (2006). Infant and maternal behavior moderate reactivity to novelty to predict anxious behavior at 2.5 years. Development and Psychopathology, 18 (1), 17–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crockenberg, S. C., Leerkes, E. M., & Bárrig Jó, P. S. (2008). Predicting aggressive behavior in the third year from infant reactivity and regulation as moderated by maternal behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 20 (1), 37–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Bellis, M. D., Baum, A. S., Birmaher, B., Keshavan, M. S., Eccard, C. H., Boring, A. M., . . . Ryan, N. D. (1999a). Developmental traumatology part I: Biological stress systems. Biological Psychiatry, 45 (10), 1259–1270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Bellis, M. D., Keshavan, M. S., Clark, D. B., Casey, B., Giedd, J. N., Boring, A. M., . . . Ryan, N. D. (1999b). Developmental traumatology part II: Brain development. Biological Psychiatry, 45 (10), 1271–1284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Wolff, M. S., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1997). Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment. Child Development, 68 (4), 571–591. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9306636Google ScholarPubMed
Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004). Acute stressors and cortisol responses: A theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychological Bulletin, 130 (3), 355–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egeland, B., Carlson, E., & Sroufe, L. A. (1993). Resilience as process. Development and Psychopathology, 5 (4), 517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Hofer, C., & Vaughan, J. (2007). Effortful control and its socioemotional consequences. In Gross, J. J. (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 287–306). New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Evans, C. A., & Porter, C. L. (2009). The emergence of mother–infant co-regulation during the first year: Links to infants’ developmental status and attachment. Infant Behavior & Development, 32 (2), 147–158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, R., Granat, A., Pariente, C., Kanety, H., Kuint, J., & Gilboa-Schechtman, E. (2009). Maternal depression and anxiety across the postpartum year and infant social engagement, fear regulation, and stress reactivity. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48 (9), 919–927.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, R., Singer, M., & Zagoory, O. (2010). Touch attenuates infants’ physiological reactivity to stress. Developmental Science, 13 (2), 271–278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Field, T. M. (1994). The effects of mother's physical and emotional unavailability on emotion regulation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59 (2–3), 208–227. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7984162CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Field, T. M., & Diego, M. (2008). Vagal activity, early growth and emotional development. Infant Behavior & Development, 31 (3), 361–373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fogel, A. (1993). Developing through relationships: Origins of communication, self, and culture (p. 230). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Fogel, A. (2000). Developmental pathways in close relationships. Child Development, 71 (5), 1150–1151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, N. A. (1989). Psychophysiological correlates of emotional reactivity during the first year of life. Developmental Psychology, 25 (3), 364–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, N. A., & Porges, S. W. (1985). The relation between neonatal heart period patterns and developmental outcome. Child Development, 56 (1), 28–37. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3987407CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freud, A. (1974). Normality and pathology in childhood: Assessments of development 1965 (Vol. 6). New York: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Fuertes, M., Lopes-dos-Santos, P., Beeghly, M., & Tronick, E. (2009). Infant coping and maternal interactivebehavior predict attachment in a Portuguese sample of healthy preterm infants. European Psychologist, 14 (4), 320–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gianino, A., & Tronick, E. (1988). The Mutual Regulation Model: The infant's self and interactive regulation and coping and defensive capacities. In Field, T. M., McCabe, P. M., & Schneiderman, N. (Eds.), Stress and coping across development (pp. 47–68). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Goodman, S. H. (2007). Depression in mothers. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 107–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haglund, M. E. M., Nestadt, P. S., Cooper, N. S., Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S. (2007). Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience: Relevance to prevention and treatment of stress-related psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 19 (3), 889–920.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haley, D. W., & Stansbury, K. (2003). Infant stress and parent responsiveness: Regulation of physiology and behavior during still-face and reunion. Child Development, 74 (5), 1534–1546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ham, J., & Tronick, E. (2006). Infant resilience to the stress of the still-face: Infant and maternal psychophysiology are related. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 297–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ham, J., & Tronick, E. (2008). A procedure for the measurement of infant skin conductance and its initial validation using clap induced startle. Developmental Psychobiology, 50 (6), 626–631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, A. M., & Tronick, E. (2007). Contributions to understanding therapeutic change: Now we have a playground. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 55 (3), 891–897.Google ScholarPubMed
Hellhammer, D. H., Wüst, S., & Kudielka, B. M. (2009). Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34 (2), 163–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill-Soderlund, A. L., & Braungart-Rieker, J. M. (2008). Early individual differences in temperamental reactivity and regulation: Implications for effortful control in early childhood. Infant Behavior & Development, 31 (3), 386–397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill-Soderlund, A. L., Mills-Koonce, W. R., Propper, C., Calkins, S. D., Granger, D. A., Moore, G. A., . . . Cox, M. J. (2008). Parasympathetic and sympathetic responses to the strange situation in infants and mothers from avoidant and securely attached dyads. Developmental Psychobiology, 50 (4), 361–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobson, R. P., Patrick, M. P. H., Crandell, L. E., García Pérez, R. M., & Lee, A. (2004). Maternal sensitivity and infant triadic communication. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 45 (3), 470–480. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15055367CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofer, M. A. (1987). Early social relationships: A psychobiologist's view. Child Development, 58 (3), 633–647. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3608643CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofer, M. A. (1994). Hidden regulators in attachment, separation, and loss. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59 (2–3), 192–207. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7984161CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofer, M. A. (2006). Psychobiological roots of early attachment. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15 (2), 84–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isabella, R. A., & Belsky, J. (1991). Interactional synchrony and the origins of infant–mother attachment: A replication study. Child Development, 62 (2), 373–384. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2055128CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Isabella, R. A., Belsky, J., & von Eye, A. (1989). Origins of infant–mother attachment: An examination of interactional synchrony during the infant's first year. Developmental Psychology, 25 (1), 12–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kagan, J., & Snidman, N. C. (2004). The long shadow of temperament (p. 292). Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press/Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kagan, J., Snidman, N. C., & Arcus, D. M. (1992). Initial reactions to unfamiliarity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1 (6), 171–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kagan, J., Snidman, N. C., & Arcus, D. (1998). Childhood derivatives of high and low reactivity in infancy. Child Development, 69 (6), 1483–1493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaltsas, G. A., & Chrousos, G. P. (2007). The neuroendocrinology of stress. In Cacioppo, J. T., Tassinary, L. G., & Berntson, G. G. (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (3rd ed., pp. 303–318). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kogan, N., & Carter, A. S. (1996). Mother–infant reengagement following the still-face: The role of maternal emotional availability an infant affect regulation. Infant Behavior & Development, 19 (3), 359–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kopp, C. B. (1989). Regulation of distress and negative emotions: A developmental view. Developmental Psychology, 25 (3), 343–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koulomzin, M., Beebe, B., Anderson, S., Jaffe, J., Feldstein, S., & Crown, C. (2002). Infant gaze, head, face and self-touch at 4 months differentiate secure vs. avoidant attachment at 1 year: A microanalytic approach. Attachment & Human Development, 4 (1), 3–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leerkes, E. M., Nayena Blankson, A., & O’Brien, M. (2009). Differential effects of maternal sensitivity to infant distress and nondistress on social-emotional functioning. Child Development, 80 (3), 762–775.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lovallo, W. R., & Thomas, T. L. (2000). Stress hormones in psychophysiological research. In Cacioppo, J. T., Tassinary, L. G., & Berntson, G. G. (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (2nd ed., pp. 342–367). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of desilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71 (3), 543–562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McElwain, N. L., & Booth-Laforce, C. (2006). Maternal sensitivity to infant distress and nondistress as predictors of infant–mother attachment security. Journal of Family Psychology, 20 (2), 247–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meaney, M. J. (2010). Epigenetics and the biological definition of gene × environment interactions. Child Development, 81 (1), 41–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mesman, J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2009). The many faces of the Still-Face Paradigm: A review and meta-analysis. Developmental Review, 29 (2), 120–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills-Koonce, W. R., Propper, C., Gariepy, J.-L., Barnett, M., Moore, G. A., Calkins, S., & Cox, M. J. (2009). Psychophysiological correlates of parenting behavior in mothers of young children. Developmental Psychobiology, 51 (8), 650–661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montirosso, R., Provenzi, L., Tavian, D., Morandi, F., Bonanomi, A., Missaglia, S., . . . Borgatti, R. (2015). Social stress regulation in 4-month-old infants: Contribution of maternal social engagement and infants’ 5-HTTLPR genotype. Early Human Development, 91 (3), 173–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montirosso, R., Tronick, E., Morandi, F., Ciceri, F., & Borgatti, R. (2013). Four-month-old infants’ long-term memory for a stressful social event. PloS One, 8 (12), e82277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, G. A. (2009). Infants’ and mothers’ vagal reactivity in response to anger. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 50 (11), 1392–1400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, G. A., & Calkins, S. D. (2004). Infants’ vagal regulation in the still-face paradigm is related to dyadic coordination of mother–infant interaction. Developmental Psychology, 40 (6), 1068–1080.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, G. A., Hill-Soderlund, A. L., Propper, C. B., Calkins, S. D., Mills-Koonce, W. R., & Cox, M. J. (2009). Mother–infant vagal regulation in the face-to-face still-face paradigm is moderated by maternal sensitivity. Child Development, 80 (1), 209–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, C. A., & Carver, L. J. (1998). The effects of stress and trauma on brain and memory: A view from developmental cognitive neuroscience. Development and Psychopathology, 10 (4), 793–809. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9886227CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nomura, Y., Chemtob, C. M., Fifer, W. P., Newcorn, J. H., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2006). Additive interaction of child abuse and perinatal risk as signs of resiliency in adulthood. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 330–334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, K. J., Buckmaster, C. L., Sundlass, K., Schatzberg, A. F., & Lyons, D. M. (2006). Maternal mediation, stress inoculation, and the development of neuroendocrine stress resistance in primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103 (8), 3000–3005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pauli-Pott, U., Mertesacker, B., & Beckmann, D. (2004). Predicting the development of infant emotionality from maternal characteristics. Development and Psychopathology, 16 (1), 19–42. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15115063CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porges, S. W., Arnold, W. R., & Forbes, E. J. (1973). Heart rate variability: An index of attentional responsivity in human newborns. Developmental Psychology, 8 (1), 85–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porges, S. W., Doussard-Roosevelt, J. A., & Maiti, A. K. (1994). Vagal tone and the physiological regulation of emotion. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59 (2/3), 167–186. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7984159CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porter, C. L. (2003). Coregulation in mother–infant dyads: Links to infants’ cardiac vagal tone. Psychological Reports, 92 (1), 307–319. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12674298CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prigogine, I., & Stengers, I. (1984). Order out of chaos: Man's new dialogue with nature (p. 349). Toronto: Bantam New Age Books.Google Scholar
Propper, C., Moore, G. A., Mills-Koonce, W. R., Halpern, C. T., Hill-Soderlund, A. L., Calkins, S. D., . . . Cox, M. (2008). Gene–environment contributions to the development of infant vagal reactivity: The interaction of dopamine and maternal sensitivity. Child Development, 79 (5), 1377–1394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saarni, C. (1979). Children's understanding of display rules for expressive behavior. Developmental Psychology, 15 (4), 424–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saarni, C., Mumme, D. L., & Campos, J. J. (1998). Emotional development: Action, communication, and understanding. In Damon, W. & Eisenberg, N. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 237–309). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Sapolsky, R. M. (1996). Why stress is bad for your brain. Science, 273 (5276), 749–750. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8701325CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selye, H. (1936). A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. Nature, 138 (3479), 32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spangler, G., & Grossmann, K. E. (1993). Biobehavioral organization in securely and insecurely attached infants. Child Development, 64 (5), 1439–1450. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8222882CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stegge, H., & Meerum Terwogt, M. (2007). Awareness and regulation of emotion in typical and atypical development. In Gross, J. J. (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 269–286). New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Stern, D. N. (1976). Behavior regulating social contact between a mother and her 3 1/2-month-old twins. In Rexford, E. N., Sander, L. W., & Shapiro, T. (Eds.), Infant psychiatry: A new synthesis (pp. 113–126). New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Stifter, C. A., & Corey, J. M. (2001). Vagal regulation and observed social behavior in infancy. Social Development, 10 (2), 189–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stifter, C. A., & Fox, N. A. (1990). Infant reactivity: Physiological correlates of newborn and 5-month temperament. Developmental Psychology, 26 (4), 582–588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stifter, C. A., & Jain, A. (1996). Psychophysiological correlates of infant temperament: stability of behavior and autonomic patterning from 5 to 18 months. Developmental Psychobiology, 29 (4), 379–391.3.0.CO;2-N>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Bornstein, M. H., Baumwell, L., & Melstein Damast, A. (1996). Responsive parenting in the second year: Specific influences on children's language and play. Early Development and Parenting, 5 (4), 173–183.3.0.CO;2-V>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59 (2–3), 25–52. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7984164CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trevarthen, C. (1982). Basic patterns of psychogenetic change in infancy. In Bever, T. G. (Ed.), Regression in mental development: Basic phenomena and theories (pp. 7–46). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C., & Aitken, K. J. (2001). Infant intersubjectivity: Research, theory, and clinical applications. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 42 (1), 3–48. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11205623CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trevarthen, C., Aitken, K. J., Vandekerckhove, M. M. P., Delafield-Butt, J., & Nagy, E. (2006). Collaborative regulations of vitality in early childhood: Stress in intimate relationships and postnatal psychopathology. In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. J. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology (Vol. 2, pp. 65–126). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C., & Schogller, B. (2005). Musicality and the creation of meaning: Infants’ voices and jazz duets show us how, not what, music means. In Grund, C. M. (Ed.), Cross disciplinary studies in music and meaning. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Tronick, E. (1989). Emotions and emotional communication in infants. The American Psychologist, 44 (2), 112–119. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2653124CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tronick, E. (2006). The inherent stress of normal daily life and social interaction leads to the development of coping and resilience, and variation in resilience in infants and young children: Comments on the papers of Suomi and Klebanov & Brooks-Gunn. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 83–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tronick, E., Als, H., Adamson, L., Wise, S., & Brazelton, T. B. (1978). The infant's response to entrapment between contradictory messages in face-to-face interaction. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 17 (1), 1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tronick, E., & Beeghly, M. (2011). Infants’ meaning-making and the development of mental health problems. The American Psychologist, 66 (2), 107–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tronick, E., & Cohn, J. F. (1989). Infant–mother face-to-face interaction: age and gender differences in coordination and the occurrence of miscoordination. Child Development, 60 (1), 85–92. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2702877CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tronick, E., Cohn, J. F., & Shea, E. (1986). The transfer of affect between mothers and infants. In Brazelton, T. B. & Yogman, M. W. (Eds.), Affect development in infancy (pp. 11–25). Westport, CT: Ablex Publishing.Google Scholar
Tronick, E., & Gianino, A. (1986). Interactive mismatch and repair: Challenges to the coping infant. Zero to Three, 6 (3), 1–6.Google Scholar
Tronick, E., & Reck, C. (2009). Infants of depressed mothers. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 17 (2), 147–156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tronick, E. Z., & Perry, B. D. (in press). The multiple levels of meaning making and the first principles of changing meanings in development and therapy. In Marlock, G., Weiss, H., Young, C., & Soth, M. (Eds.), The handbook of body psychotherapy and somatic psychology. North Atlantic Books.Google Scholar
Uchino, B. N., Smith, T. W., Holt-Lunstad, J., Campo, R., & Reblin, M. (2007). Stress and illness. In Cacioppo, J. T., Tassinary, L. G., & Berntson, G. G. (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (3rd ed., pp. 608–632). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van de Rijt-Plooij, H. H. C., & Plooij, F. (1992). Infantile regressions: Disorganization and onset of transition periods. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 10, 129–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van de Rijt-Plooij, H. H., & Plooij, F. X. (1993). Distinct periods of mother–infant conflict in normal development: Sources of progress and germs of pathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 34 (2), 229–245. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8444994CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waters, S. F., Virmani, E. A., Thompson, R. A., Meyer, S., Raikes, H. A., & Jochem, R. (2010). Emotion regulation and attachment: Unpacking two constructs and their association. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32 (1), 37–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weaver, I. C. G., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F. A., D’Alessio, A. C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J. R., . . . Meaney, M. J. (2004). Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nature Neuroscience, 7 (8), 847–854.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinberg, M. K., & Tronick, E. (1996). Infant affective reactions to the resumption of maternal interaction after the still-face. Child Development, 67 (3), 905–914.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinberg, M. K., Tronick, E., Cohn, J. F., & Olson, K. L. (1999). Gender differences in emotional expressivity and self-regulation during early infancy. Developmental Psychology, 35 (1), 175–188. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9923473CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zlochower, A. J., & Cohn, J. F. (1996). Vocal timing in face-to-face interaction of clinically depressed and nondepressed mothers and their 4-month-old infants. Infant Behavior & Development, 19 (3), 371–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar