Skip to main content

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
Cancel
×
×
Home
  • Home
Article
  • Cited by 14
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Woo, J Kim, J E Im, J J Lee, J Jeong, H S Park, S Jung, S-Y An, H Yoon, S Lim, S M Lee, S Ma, J Shin, E Y Han, Y-E Kim, B Lee, E H Feng, L Chun, H Yoon, B-E Kang, I Dager, S R Lyoo, I K and Lee, C J 2018. Astrocytic water channel aquaporin-4 modulates brain plasticity in both mice and humans: a potential gliogenetic mechanism underlying language-associated learning. Molecular Psychiatry, Vol. 23, Issue. 4, p. 1021.
    Mohamed Saini, Suriati Nik Jaafar, Nik Ruzyanei Sidi, Hatta Midin, Marhani Mohd Radzi, Azizah and Abdul Rahman, Abdul Hamid 2014. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and its association with bipolar disorder across different ethnic groups in Malaysia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, Vol. 55, Issue. , p. S76.
    Squassina, Alessio Manchia, Mirko Borg, Joseph Congiu, Donatella Costa, Marta Georgitsi, Marianthi Chillotti, Caterina Ardau, Raffaella Mitropoulos, Konstantinos Severino, Giovanni Del Zompo, Maria and Patrinos, George P 2011. Evidence for association of anACCN1gene variant with response to lithium treatment in Sardinian patients with bipolar disorder. Pharmacogenomics, Vol. 12, Issue. 11, p. 1559.
    Miklowitz, David J. and Chang, Kiki D. 2008. Prevention of bipolar disorder in at-risk children: Theoretical assumptions and empirical foundations. Development and Psychopathology, Vol. 20, Issue. 03,
    Reus, Victor I. 2007. Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia.
    Post, Robert M. 2007. Role of BDNF in bipolar and unipolar disorder: Clinical and theoretical implications. Journal of Psychiatric Research, Vol. 41, Issue. 12, p. 979.
    Neumaier, John F. and Dunner, David L. 2007. Bipolar Disorder: Basic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. p. 401.
    Blair, I P Chetcuti, A F Badenhop, R F Scimone, A Moses, M J Adams, L J Craddock, N Green, E Kirov, G Owen, M J Kwok, J B J Donald, J A Mitchell, P B and Schofield, P R 2006. Positional cloning, association analysis and expression studies provide convergent evidence that the cadherin gene FAT contains a bipolar disorder susceptibility allele. Molecular Psychiatry, Vol. 11, Issue. 4, p. 372.
    van Belzen, M. J. and Heutink, P. 2006. Genetic analysis of psychiatric disorders in humans. Genes, Brain and Behavior, Vol. 5, Issue. , p. 25.
    Blair, Ian P. Badenhop, Renee F. Scimone, Anna Moses, Melissa J. Donald, Jennifer A. Mitchell, Philip B. and Schofield, Peter R. 2005. Identification, characterization, and association analysis of novel genes from the bipolar disorder susceptibility locus on chromosome 4q35. Psychiatric Genetics, Vol. 15, Issue. 3, p. 199.
    Reus, Victor I 2005. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences.
    Kohn, Y and Lerer, B 2005. Excitement and confusion on chromosome 6q: the challenges of neuropsychiatric genetics in microcosm. Molecular Psychiatry, Vol. 10, Issue. 12, p. 1062.
    Althoff, Robert R Faraone, Stephen V Rettew, David C Morley, Christopher P and Hudziak, James J 2005. Family, twin, adoption, and molecular genetic studies of juvenile bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, Vol. 7, Issue. 6, p. 598.
    Michelon, Leandro and Vallada, Homero 2004. Genética do transtorno bipolar. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, Vol. 26, Issue. suppl 3, p. 12.
    ×
  • Get access
    Add to cart USD35.00
    Check if you have access via personal or institutional login
    Log in Register Recommend to librarian

Genetic Linkage in Bipolar Disorder

  • Carol A. Mathews and Victor I. Reus
Abstract

Bipolar disorder is an etiologically complex syndrome that is dearly heritable. Multiple, genes, working singly or in concert, are likely to cause susceptibility to bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder genetics has progressed rapidly in the last few decades. However, specific causal genetic mutations for bipolar disorder have not been identified. Both candidate gene studies and complete genome screens have been conducted. They have provided compelling evidence for several potential bipolar disorder susceptibility loci in several regions of the genome. The strongest evidence suggests that bipolar disorder susceptibility loci may lie in one or more genomic regions on chromosomes 18, 4, and 21. Other regions of interest, including those on chromosomes 5 and 8, are also under investigation. New approaches, such as the use of genetically isolated populations and the use of endophenotypes for bipolar disorder, hold promise for continued advancement in the search to identify specific bipolar disorder genes.

Copyright
COPYRIGHT: © Cambridge University Press 2003
Corresponding author
Please address correspondence to: Victor 1. Reus, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, University San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143-0984; Tel: 415-476-7478, Fax: 415-476-7404; E-mail: vir@itsa.ucsf.edu.
References
Hide All
1.Craddock, N, Khodel, V, Van, EP, Reich, T.Mathematical limits of multilocus models: the genetic transmission of bipolar disorder. Am J Hum Genet. 1995;57:690–702.
2.Gershon, ES, Hamovit, J, Guroff, JJ, et al.A family study of schizoaffective, bipolar I, bipolar II, unipolar, and normal control probands. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982;39:1157–1167.
3.Andreasen, NC, Rice, J, Endicott, J, Coryell, W, Grove, WM, Reich, T. Familial rates of affective disorder. A report from the national Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:461–469.
4.Mendlewicz, J, Rainer, JD. Adoption study supporting genetic transmission in manic-depressive illness. Nature. 1977;268:327–329.
5.Allen, MG, Cohen, S, Pollin, W, Greenspan, SI. Affective illness in veteran twins: a diagnostic review. Am J Psychiatry. 1974;131:1234–1239.
6.Bertelsen, A, Harvald, B, Hauge, M. A Danish twin study of manic-depressive disorders (22 monozygotic and 27 dizygotic twin pairs). Br J Psychiatry. 1977;130:330–351.
7.Kendler, KS, Pedersen, N, Johnson, L, Neale, MC, Mathe, AA. A pilot Swedish twin study of affective illness, including hospital-and population-ascertained subsamples. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50:699–700.
8.Cardno, AG, Marshall, EJ, Coid, B, et al.Heritability estimates for psychotic disorders: the Maudsley twin psychosis series. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:162–168.
9.Rice, J, Reich, T, Andreasen, NC, et al.The familial transmission of bipolar illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:441–447.
10.Pauls, DL, Bailey, JN, Carter, AS, Allen, CR, Egeland, JA. Complex segregation analyses of old order Amish families ascertained through bipolar I individuals. Am J Med Genet. 1995;60:290–297.
11.Spence, MA, Flodman, PL, Sadovnick, AD, Bailey-Wilson, JE, Ameli, H, Remick, RA. Bipolar disorder: evidence for a major locus. Am J Med Genet. 1995;60:370–376.
12.Goldin, LR, Gershon, ES, Targum, SD, Sparkes, RS, McGinniss, M. Segregation and linkage analyses in families of patients with bipolar, unipolar, and schizoaffective mood disorders. Am J Hum Genet. 1983;35:274–287.
13.Bucher, KD, Elston, RC, Green, R, et al.The transmission of manic depressive illness—II. Segregation analysis of three sets of family data. J Psychiatr Res. 1981;16:65–78.
14.Lander, E, Kruglyak, L. Genetic dissection of complex traits: guidelines for interpreting and reporting linkage results. Nat Genet. 1995;11:241–247.
15.Potash, JB, DePaulo, JR Jr.Searching high and low: a review of the genetics of bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2000:2:8–26.
16.Mundo, E, Walker, M, Cate, T, Macciardi, F, Kennedy, JL. The role of serotonin transporter protein gene in antidepressant-induced mania in bipolar disorder: preliminary findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:539–544.
17.Nibuya, M, Morinobu, S, Duman, RS. Regulation of BDNF and trkB mRNA in rat brain by chronic electroconvulsive seizure and antidepressant drug treatments. J Neurosci. 1995;15:7539–7547.
18.Smith, MA, Makino, S, Kvetnansky, R, Post, RM. Stress and glucocorticoids affect the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNAs in the hippocampus. J Neurosci. 1995;15:1768–1777.
19.Neves-Pereira, M, Mundo, E, Muglia, P, King, N, Macciardi, F, Kennedy, JL. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene confers susceptibility to bipolar disorder: evidence from a family-based association study. Am J Hum Genet. 2002;71:651–655.
20.Sklar, P, Gabriel, SB, McInnis, MG, et al.Family-based association study of 76 candidate genes in bipolar disorder: BDNF is a potential risk locus. Brain-derived neutrophic factor. Mol Psychiatry. 2002;7:579–593.
21.Nakata, K, Ujike, H, Sakai, A, et al.Association study of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene with bipolar disorder. Neurosci Lett. 2003;337:17–20.
22.Elvidge, G, Jones, I, McCandless, F, Asherson, P, Owen, MJ, Craddock, N. Allelic variation of a Ball polymorphism in the DRD3 gene does not influence susceptibility to bipolar disorder: results of analysis and meta-analysis. Am J Med Genet. 2001;105:307–311.
23.Furlong, RA, Rubinsztein, JS, Ho, L, et al.Analysis and metaanalysis of two polymorphisms within the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in bipolar and unipolar affective disorders. Am J Med Genet. 1999;88:88–94.
24.Furlong, RA, Ho, L, Rubinsztein, JS, Walsh, C, Paykel, ES, Rubinsztein, JS. Analysis of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene in bipolar affective disorder by association studies, metaanalyses, and sequencing of the promoter. Am J Med Genet. 1999;88:398–406.
25.Furlong, RA, Ho, L, Walsh, C, et al.Analysis and meta-analysis of two serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms in bipolar and unipolar affective disorders. Am J Med Genet. 1998;81:58–63.
26.Berrettini, WH, Ferraro, TN, Goldin, LR, et al.Chromosome 18 DNA markers and manic-depressive illness: evidence for a susceptibility gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994;91:5918–5921.
27.Detera-Wadleigh, SD, Badner, JA, Berrettini, WH, et al.A high-density genome scan detects evidence for a bipolar-disorder susceptibility locus on 13q32 and other potential loci on 1q32 and 18p11.2. Proc Natl Acad Set U S A. 1999;96:5604–5609.
28.Stine, OC, Xu, J, Koskela, RMcMahon, FJ, et al.Evidence for linkage of bipolar disorder to chromosome 18 with a parent-of-origin effect. Am J Hum Genet. 1995;57;1384–1394.
29.Gershon, ES, Badner, JA, Detera-Wadleigh, SD, Ferraro, TN, Berrettini, WH. Maternal inheritance and chromosome 18 allele sharing in unilineal bipolar illness pedigrees. Am J Med Genet. 1996;67:202–207.
30.Nothen, MM, Cichon, S, Rohleder, H, et al.Evaluation of linkage of bipolar affective disorder to chromosome 18 in a sample of 57 German families. Mol Psychiatry. 1999;4:76–84.
31.McMahon, FJ, Hopkins, PJ, Xu, J, et al.Linkage of bipolar affective disorder to chromosome 18 markers in a new pedigree series. Am J Hum Genet. 1997;61:1397–1404.
32.Freimer, NB, Reus, VI, Escamilla, MA, et al.Genetic mapping using haplotype, association and linkage methods suggests a locus for severe bipolar disorder (BPI) at 18q22-q23. Nat Genet. 1996;12:436–441.
33.McInnes, LA, Escamilla, MA, Service, SK, et al.A complete genome screen for genes predisposing to severe bipolar disorder in two Costa Rican pedigrees. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:13060–13065.
34.Escamilla, MA, McInnes, LA, Service, SK, et al.Genome screening for linkage disequilibrium in a Costa Rican sample of patients with bipolar-I disorder: a follow-up study on chromosome 18. Am J Med Genet. 2001;105:207–213.
35.Escamilla, MA, McInnes, LA, Spesny, M, et al.Assessing the feasibility of linkage disequilibrium methods for mapping complex traits: an initial screen for bipolar disorder loci on chromosome 18. Am J Hum Genet. 1999;64:1670–1678.
36.Coon, H, Hoff, M, Holik, J, et al.Analysis of chromosome 18 DNA markers in multiplex pedigrees with manic depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1996;39:689–696.
37.De bruyn, A, Souery, D, Mendelbaum, K, Mendlewicz, J, Van Broeckhoven, C. Linkage analysis of families with bipolar illness and chromosome 18 markers. Biol Psychiatry. 1996;39:679–688.
38.Ewald, H, Mors, O, Koed, K, Eiberg, H, Kruse, TA. Susceptibility loci for bipolar affective disorder on chromosome 18? A review and a study of Danish families. Psychiatr Genet. 1997;7:1–12.
39.Detera-Wadleigh, SD, Badner, JA, Yoshikawa, T, et al.Initial genome scan of the NIMH genetics initiative bipolar pedigrees: chromosomes 4, 7, 9, 18, 19, 20, and 21q. Am J Med Genet. 1997;74:254–262.
40.Maier, W, Hallmayer, J, Zill, P, et al.Linkage analysis between peri-centrometric markers on chromosome 18 and bipolar disorder: a replication test. Psychiatry Res. 1995;59:7–15.
41.Pauls, DL, Ott, J, Paul, SM, et al.Linkage analyses of chromosome 18 markers do not identify a major susceptibility locus for bipolar affective disorder in the Old Order Amish. Am J Hum Genet. 1995;57:636–643.
42.Knowles, JA, Rao, PA, Cox-Matise, T, et al.No evidence for significant linkage between bipolar affective disorder and chromosome 18 pericentromeric markers in a large series of multiplex extended pedigrees. Am J Hum Genet. 1998;62:916–924.
43.Mynett-Johnson, LA, Murphy, VE, Manley, P, Shields, DC, McKeon, P. Lack of evidence for a major locus for bipolar disorder in the pericentromeric region of chromosome 18 in Irish pedigrees. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;42:486–494.
44.Claes, S, Raeymaekers, P, Van den Broeck, M, et al.A chromosome 18 genetic linkage study in three large Belgian pedigrees with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 1997;43:195–205.
45.Kalsi, G, Smyth, C, Brynjolfsson, J, et al.Linkage analysis of manic depression (bipolar affective disorder) in Icelandic and British kindreds using markers on the short arm of chromosome 18. Hum Hered. 1997;47:268–278.
46.Dorr, DA, Rice, JP, Armstrong, C, Reich, T, Blehar, M. A metaanalysis of chromosome 18 linkage data for bipolar illness. Genet Epidemiol. 1997;14:617–622.
47.McInnes, LA, Service, SK, Reus, VI, et al.Fine-scale mapping of a locus for severe bipolar mood disorder on chromosome 18p11.3 in the Costa Rican population. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98:11485–11490.
48.Yoshikawa, T, Turner, G, Esterling, LE, Sanders, AR, Detera-Wadleigh, SD. A novel human myo-inositol monophosphatase gene, IMP.18p, maps to a susceptibility region for bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 1997; 2:393–397.
49.Rojas, K, Liang, L, Johnson, EI, Berrettini, WH, Overhauser, J. Identification of candidate genes for psychiatric disorders on 18p11. Mol Psychiatry. 2000;5:389–395.
50.Blackwood, DH, He, L, Morris, SW, et al.A locus for bipolar affective disorder on chromosome 4p. Nat Genet. 1996;12:427–430.
51.Ewald, H, Degn, B, Mors, O, Kruse, TA. Support for the possible locus on chromosome 4p16 for bipolar affective disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 1998;3:442–448.
52.Nothen, MM, Cichon, S, Franzek, E, et al.Systematic search for susceptibility genes for bipolar disorder [abstract]. Am J Hum Genet. 1997;61:1679.
53.Evans, KL, Le Hellard, S, Morris, SW, et al.A 6.9-Mb high-resolution BAC/PAC contig of human 4p15.3-p16.1, a candidate region for bipolar affective disorder. Genomics. 2001;71:315–323.
54.Adams, LJ, Mitchell, PB, Fielder, SL, et al.A susceptibility locus for bipolar affective disorder on chromosome 4q35. Am J Hum Genet. 1998;62:1084–1091.
55.Friddle, C, Koskela, R, Ranade, K, et al.Full-genome scan fot linkage in 50 families segregating the bipolar affective disease phenotype. Am J Hum Genet 2000;66:205–215.
56.Willour, VL, Zandi, PRGershon, ES, et al.Genome scan on fifty-six multiplex bipolar pedigrees collected by the NIMH genetics initiative (bipolar disorder) [abstract]. Am J Med Genet. 2001; 105:608.
57.Badenhop, RF, Moses, MJ, Scimone, A, et al.Genetic refinement and physical mapping of a 2.3 Mb probable disease region associated with a bipolar affective disorder susceptibility locus on chromosome 4q35. Am J Med Genet. 2003;117B:23–32.
58.Straub, RE, Lehner, T, Luo, Y, et al.A possible vulnerability locus for bipolar affective disorder on chromosome 21q22.3. Nat Genet. 1994;8:291–296.
59.Aita, VM, Liu, J, Knowles, JA, et al.A comprehensive linkage analysis of chromosome 21q22 supports prior evidence for a putative bipolar affective disorder locus. Am J Hum Genet. 1999;64:210–217.
60.Liu, J, Juo, SH, Terwilliger, JD, et al.A follow-up linkage study supports evidence for a bipolar affective disorder locus on chromosome 21q22. Am J Med Genet. 2001;105:189–194.
61.Detera-Wadleigh, SD, Badner, JA, Goldin, LR, et al.Affected-sib-pair analyses reveal support of prior evidence for a susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder on 21q. Am J Hum Genet. 1996;58:1279–1285.
62.Smyth, C, Kalsi, G, Curtis, D, et al.Two-locus admixture linkage analysis of bipolar and unipolar affective disorder supports the presence of susceptibility loci on chromosomes 11p15 and 21q22. Genomics. 1997;39:271–278.
63.Kwok, JB, Adams, LJ, Salmon, JA, Donald, JA, Mitchell, PB, Schofield, PR. Nonparametric simulation-based statistical analyses for bipolar affective disorder locus on chromosome 21q22.3. Am J Med Genet. 1999;88:99–102.
64.Ewald, H, Eiberg, H, Mors, O, Flint, T, Kruse, TA. Linkage study between manic-depressive illness and chromosome 21. Am J Med Genet. 1996;67:218–224.
65.Byerley, W, Holik, J, Hoff, M, Coon, H. Search for a gene predisposing to manic-depression on chromosome 21. Am J Med Genet. 1995;60:231–233.
66.Mendlewicz, J, Fleiss, JL. Linkage studies with X-chromosome markers in bipolar (manic-depressives) and unipolar (depressive) illnessess. Biol Psychiatry. 1974;9:261–294.
67.Mendlewicz, J, Linkowski, P, Guroff, JJ, Van Praag, HM. Color blindness linkage to bipolar manic-depressive illness. New evidence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1979;36:1442–1447.
68.Mendlewicz, J, Linkowski, P, Wilmotte, J. Linkage between glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and manic-depressive psychosis. Br J Psychiatry. 1980;137:337–342.
69.Baron, M, Risch, N, Hamburger, R, et al.Genetic linkage between X-chromosome markers and bipolar affective illness. Nature. 1987;326:289–292.
70.Baron, M, Freimer, NF, Risch, N, et al.Diminished support for linkage between manic depressive illness and X-chromosome markers in three Israeli pedigrees. Nat Genet. 1993;3:49–55.
71.Mendlewicz, J, Simon, P, Sevy, S, et al.Polymorphic DNA marker on X chromosome and manic depression. Lancet 1987;1:1230–1232.
72.Lucotte, G, Landoulsi, A, Berriche, S, David, F, Babron, MC. Manic depressive illness is linked to factor IX in a French pedigree. Ann Genet. 1992;35:93–95.
73.Pekkarinen, P, Terwilliger, J, Bredbacka, PE, Lonnqvist, J, Peltonen, L. Evidence of a predisposing locus to bipolar disorder on Xq24-q27.1 in an extended Finnish pedigree. Genome Res. 1995;5:105–115.
74.Gejman, PV, Detera-Wadleigh, S, Martinez, MM, et al.Manic depressive illness not linked to factor IX region in an independent series of pedigrees. Genomics. 1990;8:648–655.
75.Vallada, HP, Vasques, L, Curtis, Det al.Linkage analysis between bipolar affective disorder and markers on chromosome X. Psychiatr Genet. 1998;8:183–186.
76.Hebebrand, J. A critical appraisal of X-linked bipolar illness. Evidence for the assumed mode of inheritance is lacking [see comments]. Br J Psychiatry. 1992;160:7–11.
77.Schwab, SG, Eckstein, GN, Hallmayer, J, et al.Evidence suggestive of a locus on chromosome 5q31 contributing to susceptibility for schizophrenia in German and Israeli families by multipoint affected sib-pair linkage analysis. Mol Psychiatry. 1997;2:156–160.
78.Gurling, HM, Kalsi, G, Brynjolfson, J, et al.Genomewide genetic linkage analysis confirms the presence of susceptibility loci for schizophrenia on chromosomes lq32.2,5q33.2, and 8p21-22 and provides support for linkage to schizophrenia on chromosomes 11q23.3-24 and 20q12.1-11.23. Am J Hum Genet. 2001;68:661–673.
79.Paunio, T, Ekelund, J, Variol, T, et al.Genome-wide scan in a nationwide study sample for schizophrenia families in Finland reveals susceptibility loci on chromosomes 2q and 5q. Hum Mol Genet. 2001;10:3037–3048.
80.Garner, C, McInnes, LA, Service, SK, et al.Linkage analysis of a complex pedigree with severe bipolar disorder, using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Am J Hum Genet. 2001;68:1061–1064.
81.Hong, KS, McInnes, LA, Service, SK, et al.Genetic mapping using haplotype and a model-free linkage analysis supports previous evidence for a locus predisposing to severe bipolar disorder at 5q31-33. Am J Med Genet. In press.
82.Shink, E, Morissette, J, Villeneuve, A, et al.Support for the presence of bipolar disorder susceptibility loci on chromosome 5: heterogeneity in a homogeneous population in Quebec. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2002;26:1273–1277.
83.Ohtsuki, T, Ishiguro, H, Detera-Wadleigh, SD, et al.Association between serotonin 4 receptor gene polymorphisms and bipolar disorder in Japanese case-control samples and the NIMH Genetics Initiative Bipolar Pedigrees. Mol Psychiatry. 2002;7:954–961.
84.Cichon, S, Schumacher, J, Muller, DJ, et al.A genome screen for genes predisposing to bipolar affective disorder detects a new susceptibility locus on 8q. Hum Mol Genet. 2001;10:2933–2944.
85.Ophoff, RA, Escamilla, MA, Service, SK, et al.Genomewide linkage disequilibrium mapping of severe bipolar disorder in a population isolate. Am J Hum Genet. 2002;71:565–574.
86.Blaveri, E, Kalsi, G, Lawrence, J, et al.Genetic association studies of schizophrenia using the 8p21-22 genes: prepronociceptin (PNOC), neuronal nicotinic cholinergic receptor alpha polypeptide 2 (CHRNA2) and arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1). Eur J Hum Genet. 2001;9:469–472.
87.Blouin, JL, Dombroski, BA, Nath, SK, et al.Schizophrenia susceptibility loci on chromosomes 13q32 and 8p21. Nat Genet. 1998;20:70–73.
88.Stefansson, H, Sigurdsson, E, Steinthorsdottir, V, et al.Neuregulin 1 and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet. 2002;71:877–892.
89.DeLisi, LE, Mesen, A, Rodriguez, C, et al.Genome-wide scan for linkage to schizophrenia in a Spanish-origin cohort from Costa Rica. Am J Med Genet. 2002;114:497–508.
90.Lachman, HM, Kelsoe, JR, Retnick, RA, et al.Linkage studies suggest a possible locus for bipolar disorder near the velo-cardio-facial syndrome region on chromosome 22. Am J Med Genet. 1997;74:121–128.
91.Kelsoe, JR, Spence, MA, Loetscher, E, et al.A genome survey indicates a possible susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder on chromosome 22. Proc Nad Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98:585–590.
92.Ginns, EI, Ott, J, Egeland, JA, et al.A genome-wide search for chromosomal loci linked to bipolar affective disorder in the Old Order Amish. Nat Genet. 1996;12:431–435.
93.Escamilla, MA. Population isolates: their special value for locating genes for bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2001:3:299–317.
94.Morissette, J, Villeneuve, A, Bordeleau, L, et al.Genome-wide search for linkage of bipolar affective disorders in a very large pedigree derived from a homogeneous population in Quebec points to a locus of major effect on chromosome 12q23-q24. Am J Med Genet. 1999;88:567–587.
95.Ewald, H, Wang, AG, Vang, M, et al.A haplotype-based study of lithium responding patients with bipolar affective disorder on the Faroe Islands. Psychiatr Genet. 1999;9:23–34.
96.Degn, B, Lundorf, MD, Wang, A, et al.Further evidence for a bipolar risk gene on chromosome 12q24 suggested by investigation of hap-lotype sharing and allelic association in patients from the Faroe Islands. Mol Psychiatry. 2001;6:450–455.
97.Jorgensen, TH, Borglum, AD, et al.Search for common haplotypes on chromosome 22q in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder from the Faroe Islands. Am J Med Genet. 2002;114:245–252.
98.Ewald, H, Flint, TJ, Jorgensen, TH, et al.Search for a shared segment on chromosome 10q26 in patients with bipolar affective disorder or schizophrenia from the Faroe Islands. Am J Med Genet. 2002;114:196–204.
99.Pato, CN, Macedo, A, Ambrosio, A, et al.Detection of expansion regions in Portuguese bipolar families. Am J Med Genet. 2000;96:854–857.
100.Ospina-Duque, J, Duque, C, Carvajal-Carmona, L, et al.An association study of bipolar mood disorder (type I) with the 5-HTTLPR serotonin transporter polymorphism in a human population isolate from Colombia. Neurosci Lea. 2000;292:199–202.
101.Goodwin, FK, Jamison, KR. Manic Depressive Illness. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1990:402–405.
102.Cardno, AG, Rijsdijk, FV, Sham, PC, Munay, RM, McGuffin, P. A twin study of genetic relationships between psychotic symptoms. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:539–545.
103.Lenox, RH, Gould, TG, Manji, HK. Endophenotypes in bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet. 2002:114:391–406.
104.Schull, J, McEachron, DL, Adler, NT, et al.Effects of thyroidectomy, parathyroidectomy and lithium on circadian wheelrunning in rats. Physiol Behav. 1988;42:33–39.
105.Bauer, MS, Whybrow, PC. The effect of changing thyroid function on cyclic affective illness in a human subject. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143:633–636.
106.MacKinnon, DF, Zandi, PP, Cooper, J, et al.Comorbid bipolar disorder and panic disorder in families with a high prevalence of bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:30–35.
107.Grof, P, Duffy, A, Cavazzoni, P, et al.Is response to prophylactic lithium a familial trait? J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63:942–947.
108.Turecki, G, Grof, P, Grof, E, et al.Mapping susceptibility genes for bipolar disorder: a pharmacogenetic approach based on excellent response to lithium. Mol Psychiatry. 2001;6:570–578.
Recommend this journal

Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation's collection.

CNS Spectrums
  • ISSN: 1092-8529
  • EISSN: 2165-6509
  • URL: /core/journals/cns-spectrums
Please enter your name
Please enter a valid email address
Who would you like to send this to? *

CAPTCHA *

Skip to the audio challenge
×

Metrics

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 15 *
Loading metrics...

Abstract views

Total abstract views: 141 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between September 2016 - 12th June 2018. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Cancel
Confirm
×