Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-wq2xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-16T08:33:39.570Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Community Resilience, Psychological Resilience, and Depressive Symptoms: An Examination of the Mississippi Gulf Coast 10 Years After Hurricane Katrina and 5 Years After the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 August 2017

Joohee Lee ,
Bret J. Blackmon ,
David M. Cochran Jr Open the ORCID record for David M. Cochran Jr [Opens in a new window] ,
Bandana Kar ,
Timothy A. Rehner  and
Mauri Stubbs Gunnell
Joohee Lee*
Affiliation:
The University of Southern Mississippi, School of Social Work, Hattiesburg, Mississippi
Bret J. Blackmon
Affiliation:
The University of Southern Mississippi, School of Social Work, Hattiesburg, Mississippi
David M. Cochran Jr
Affiliation:
Department of Geography & Geology, Hattiesburg, Mississippi
Bandana Kar
Affiliation:
Department of Geography & Geology, Hattiesburg, Mississippi
Timothy A. Rehner
Affiliation:
The University of Southern Mississippi, School of Social Work, Hattiesburg, Mississippi
Mauri Stubbs Gunnell
Affiliation:
The University of Southern Mississippi, School of Social Work, Hattiesburg, Mississippi
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to Joohee Lee, PhD, Associate Professor, The University of Southern Mississippi, School of Social Work, 118 College Drive # 5114, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 (e-mail: Joohee.lee@usm.edu).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objective

This study examined the role of community resilience and psychological resilience on depressive symptoms in areas on the Mississippi Gulf Coast that have experienced multiple disasters.

Methods

Survey administration took place in the spring of 2015 to a spatially stratified, random sample of households. This analysis included a total of 294 subjects who lived in 1 of the 3 counties of the Mississippi Gulf Coast at the time of both Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010. The survey included the Communities Advancing Resilience Toolkit (CART) scale, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC 10), and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D).

Results

There was a significant inverse relationship between psychological resilience and depressive symptoms and a significant positive relationship between community resilience and psychological resilience. The results also revealed that community resilience was indirectly related to depressive symptoms through the mediating variable of psychological resilience.

Conclusions

These findings highlight the importance of psychological resilience in long-term disaster recovery and imply that long-term recovery efforts should address factors associated with both psychological and community resilience to improve mental health outcomes. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:241–248)

Keywords

Gulf Coastdisastercommunity resiliencepsychological resiliencedepressive symptoms
Type
Original Research
Information
Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness , Volume 12 , Issue 2 , April 2018 , pp. 241 - 248
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Inc. 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Blackmon, BJ, Lee, J, Cochran, DM Jr, et al. Adapting to life after Hurricane Katrina and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: an examination of psychological resilience and depression on the Mississippi Gulf Coast. Soc Work Public Health. 2017;32(1):65-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2016.1188746.Google Scholar
2. Osofsky, HJ, Osofsky, JD, Hansel, TC. Deepwater Horizon oil spill: mental health effects on residents in heavily affected areas. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2011;5(4):280-286. https://doi.org/10.1001/dmp.2011.85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3. Shenesey, JW, Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J. Perceived resilience: examining impacts of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill one-year post-spill. Psychol Trauma. 2015;7(3):252-258. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035182.Google Scholar
4. Abramson, DM, Grattan, LM, Mayer, B, et al. The resilience activation framework: a conceptual model of how access to social resources promotes adaptation and rapid recovery in post-disaster settings. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2015;42(1):42-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-014-9410-2.Google Scholar
5. Windle, G. What is resilience? A review and concept analysis. Rev Clin Gerontol. 2011;21(2):152-169. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959259810000420.Google Scholar
6. Aldrich, DP, Meyer, MA. Social capital and community resilience. Am Behav Sci. 2015;59(2):254-269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764214550299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7. Bergstrand, K, Mayer, B, Brumback, B, et al. Assessing the relationship between social vulnerability and community resilience to hazards. Soc Indic Res. 2015;122(2):391-409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0698-3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8. Kulig, JC, Edge, DS, Townshend, I, et al. Community resiliency: emerging theoretical insights. J Community Psychol. 2013;41(6):758-775. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9. Walker, B, Salt, D. Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World. Washington, DC: Island Press; 2006.Google Scholar
10. Cai, H, Lam, NS, Zou, L, et al. Assessing community resilience to coastal hazards in the lower Mississippi river basin. Water. 2016;8(2):46. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8020046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Morton, MJ, Lurie, N. Community resilience and public health practice. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(7):1158-1160. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301354.Google Scholar
12. Norris, FH, Stevens, SP, Pfefferbaum, B, et al. Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness. Am J Community Psychol. 2008;41(1-2):127-150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9156-6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13. Pfefferbaum, RL, Pfefferbaum, B, Nitiéma, P, et al. Assessing community resilience: an application of the expanded CART survey instrument with affiliated volunteer responders. Am Behav Sci. 2015;59(2):181-199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764214550295.Google Scholar
14. Cutter, SL, Ash, KD, Emrich, CT. The geographies of community disaster resilience. Glob Environ Change. 2014;29:65-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.08.005.Google Scholar
15. Adeola, FO, Picou, JS. Social capital and the mental health impacts of Hurricane Katrina: assessing long-term patterns of psychosocial distress. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters. 2014;32(1):121-156.Google Scholar
16. Fullerton, CS, Ursano, RJ, Liu, X, et al. Depressive symptom severity and community collective efficacy following the 2004 Florida hurricanes. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0130863. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130863.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17. Lowe, SR, Sampson, L, Gruebner, O, et al. Psychological resilience after hurricane Sandy: the influence of individual- and community-level factors on mental health after a large-scale natural disaster. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0125761. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125761.Google Scholar
18. Fletcher, D, Sarkar, M. Psychological resilience: a review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. Eur Psychol. 2013;18(1):12-23. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000124.Google Scholar
19. Gillespie, BM, Chaboyer, W, Wallis, M. Development of a theoretically derived model of resilience through concept analysis. Contemp Nurse. 2007;25(1/2):124-135. https://doi.org/10.5172/conu.2007.25.1-2.124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20. Pangallo, A, Zibarras, L, Lewis, R, et al. Resilience through the lens of interactionism: a systematic review. Psychol Assess. 2015;27(1):1-20. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000024.Google Scholar
21. Youssef, NA, Green, KT, Beckham, JC, et al. A 3-year longitudinal study examining the effect of resilience on suicidality in veterans. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2013;25(1):59-66.Google Scholar
22. Wild, J, Smith, KV, Thompson, E, et al. A prospective study of pre-trauma risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. Psychol Med. 2016;46(12):2571-2582. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716000532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23. Egeland, B, Carlson, E, Sroufe, LA. Resilience as process. Dev Psychopathol. 1993;5(4):517-528. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400006131.Google Scholar
24. Ungar, M. Social ecologies and their contribution to resilience. In Ungar M, ed. The Social Ecology of Resilience: A Handbook of Theory and Practice. New York, NY: Springer; 2012:13-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0586-3_2.Google Scholar
25. Williams, AL, Merten, MJ. Linking community, parenting, and depressive symptom trajectories: testing resilience models of adolescent agency based on race/ethnicity and gender. J Youth Adolesc. 2014;43(9):1563-1575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0141-8.Google Scholar
26. Lyons, A, Fletcher, G, Bariola, E. Assessing the well-being benefits of belonging to resilient groups and communities: development and testing of the Fletcher-Lyons Collective Resilience Scale (FLCRS). Group Dyn. 2016;20(2):65-77. https://doi.org/10.1037/gdn0000041.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27. Campbell-Sills, L, Forde, DR, Stein, MB. Demographic and childhood environmental predictors of resilience in a community sample. J Psychiatr Res. 2009;43(12):1007-1012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.01.013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28. Ni, C, Chow, MCM, Jiang, X, et al. Factors associated with resilience of adult survivors five years after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0121033. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121033.Google Scholar
29. Lorant, V, Croux, C, Weich, S, et al. Depression and socio-economic risk factors: 7-year longitudinal population study. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;190(4):293-298. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.105.020040.Google Scholar
30. Sareen, J, Afifi, TO, McMillan, KA, et al. Relationship between household income and mental disorders: findings from a population-based longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(4):419-427. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.15.Google Scholar
31. Gooding, PA, Hurst, A, Johnson, J, et al. Psychological resilience in young and older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;27(3):262-270. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2712.Google Scholar
32. Knight, BG, Gatz, M, Heller, K, et al. Age and emotional response to the Northridge earthquake: A longitudinal analysis. Psychol Aging. 2000;15(4):627-634. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.15.4.627.Google Scholar
33. Paxson, C, Fussell, E, Rhodes, J, et al. Five years later: recovery from post traumatic stress and psychological distress among low-income mothers affected by Hurricane Katrina. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(2):150-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.10.004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34. Person, C, Tracy, M, Galea, S. Risk factors for depression after a disaster. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006;194(9):659-666. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000235758.24586.b7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35. De Soir, E, Zech, E, Versporten, A, et al. Degree of exposure and peritraumatic dissociation as determinants of PTSD symptoms in the aftermath of the Ghislenghien gas explosion. Arch Public Health. 2015;73(1):21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-015-0069-9.Google Scholar
36. Harville, EW, Xiong, X, Smith, BW, et al. Combined effects of Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Gustav on the mental health of mothers of small children. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2011;18(4):288-296. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2010.01658.x.Google Scholar
37. ESRI. ArcGIS 10.2 [computer software]. ESRI website. http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcgis-for-desktop. Accessed March 10, 2015.Google Scholar
38. Pfefferbaum, RL, Neas, BR, Pfefferbaum, B, et al. The Communities Advancing Resilience Toolkit (CART): development of a survey instrument to assess community resilience. Int J Emerg Ment Health. 2013;15(1):15-29.Google Scholar
39. Campbell-Sills, L, Stein, MB. Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): validation of a 10-item measure of resilience. J Trauma Stress. 2007;20(6):1019-1028. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40. Radloff, LS. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1(3):385-401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306.Google Scholar
41. Pascoe, JM, Specht, S, McNicholas, C, et al. Correlates of mothers’ perception of their communities’ social capital: a community-based study. Matern Child Health J. 2013;17(8):1382-1390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-012-1138-0.Google Scholar
42. Walsh, SD, Levine, SZ, Levav, I. The association between depression and parental ethnic affiliation and socioeconomic status: a 27-year longitudinal US community study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2012;47(7):1153-1158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-011-0424-2.Google Scholar
43. Hair, JF, Anderson, RE, Tatham, RL, et al. Multivariate Data Analysis, 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1998.Google Scholar
44. Tabachnick, BG, Fidell, LS. Using Multivariate Statistics. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon; 2001.Google Scholar
45. Arbuckle, JL. Amos 21.0 [computer software]. Chicago, IL: SPSS; 2012.Google Scholar
46. Hu, L, Bentler, PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling. 1999;6(1):1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.Google Scholar
47. Sobel, ME. Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. In Leinhardt S, ed. Sociological Methodology. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association; 1982:290-312. https://doi.org/10.2307/270723.Google Scholar
48. Kim, J, Han, JY, Shaw, B, et al. The roles of social support and coping strategies in predicting breast cancer patients’ emotional well-being: testing mediation and moderation models. J Health Psychol. 2010;15(4):543-552. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105309355338.Google Scholar
49. Kar, N, Bastia, BK. Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and generalised anxiety disorder in adolescents after a natural disaster: a study of comorbidity. Clin Pract Epidemol Ment Health. 2006;2(1):17. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-0179-2-17.Google Scholar
50. Fullerton, CS, Ursano, RJ, Wang, L. Acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression in disaster or rescue workers. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(8):1370-1376. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.8.1370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51. Kroenke, K, Spitzer, RL, Williams, JBW. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606-613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.Google Scholar
52. Macedo, T, Wilheim, L, Gonçalves, R, et al. Building resilience for future adversity: a systematic review of interventions in non-clinical samples of adults. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14(1):227. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-014-0227-6.Google Scholar