Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-gtxcr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T18:59:43.870Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The tuning fork graptoloid, Didymograptus murchisoni (Beck, 1839)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 November 2011

R. B. Rickards  and
M. S. Khashogji
R. B. Rickards
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, U.K.
M. S. Khashogji
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, U.K.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The development of D. (Didymograptus) murchisoni (Beck), the type species of the genus, is shown to be unequivocally of anus type, with thl1 dicalyal and a low metasicular origin of thl1. An evolutionary line from the early, Arenig, bifidus group is supported; and clear distinctions are drawn between the subgenera D. (Didymograptus), D. (Didymograptellus) and D. (Jenkinsograptus), the first of these being redefined. The range of variation of biocharacters of D. murchisoni is analysed using exquisitely preserved undeformed material from Saudi Arabia, and comparisons are made with the undeformed type material, and with undeformed (nodule) collections from Abereiddy Bay, Pembrokeshire. The astogenetically late developments of D. murchisoni are described.

Keywords

astogenygraptolites
Type
Research Article
Information
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh , Volume 90 , Issue 3 , 1999 , pp. 173 - 187
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aceñolaza, F. G. & Durand, F. R. 1975. Contributión al conocimiento biostratigráfico del Ordovicío puneño. Fauna graptolítica de Catua, provincias de Salta-Jujuy. Adas i Congresso Argentino de Paleontología y Biostratigrafia 1, 77–89.Google Scholar
Baily, W. H. 1861. Graptolites of Meath and Tipperary County, in Ireland. Journal of the Geological Society of Dublin 9, 300–06.Google Scholar
Beck, H. H. (see Murchison R. I. 1839).Google Scholar
Berry, W. B. N. 1964. The Middle Ordovician of the Oslo Region, Norway, 16: Graptolites of the Ogygiocaris Series. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 44, 61–170.Google Scholar
Boeck, C. 1851. Bemaerkninger angaaende graptolitherne. Trukki P.T. Mailings Bogtrykkeri, Christiana, 1–10.Google Scholar
Bouček, B. 1932. Prispevek k posnani ceskych Didymograptu. Cas Narodny Museum 106, 119–33.Google Scholar
Bouček, B. 1973. Lower Ordovician Graptolites of Bohemia. 1–185. Prague: Academia.Google Scholar
Bronn, H. B. 1835. Lethaea geognostica. I. Schweitzerbartsche, Stuttgart, 1–185.Google Scholar
Bulman, O. M. B. 1931. South American graptolites, with special reference to the Nordenskjold collection. Arkiv för Zoologi 22A, 311–34.Google Scholar
Bulman, O. M. B. 1933. On the graptolites prepared by Holm. 6: Structural characters of some Dictyonema and Desmograptus species. Arkiv för Zoologi 26A, 1–52.Google Scholar
Bulman, O. M. B. 1936. On the graptolites prepared by Holm. 7: The graptolite fauna of the lower Orthoceras Limestone of Halludden, Öland, and its bearing on the evolution of the lower Ordovician graptolites. Arkiv för Zoologi ISA, 1–107.Google Scholar
Bulman, O. M. B. 1955. Graptolithina with sections on Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. In Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, pt. V, i-xvii, 1–101. Lawrence, Kansas: Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.Google Scholar
Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Graptolithina with sections on Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. In Teichert, C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, pt. V (2nd edn), i–xxxii, 1–163.Google Scholar
Bulman, O. M. B. & Størmer, L. 1971. Buoyancy structures in rhabdosomes of Dictyonema flabelliforme (Eichwald). Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 51, 25–31.Google Scholar
Carter, C. & Churkin, M. 1977. Ordovician and Silurian graptolite succession in the Trail Creek area, central Idaho—a graptolite zone reference section. Professional Papers of the U.S. Geological Survey 1020, 1–37.Google Scholar
Cooper, R. A. & Fortey, R. A. 1982. The Ordovician graptolites of Spitsbergen. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 36, 157–302.Google Scholar
Cooper, R. A. & Fortey, R. A. 1983. Development of the graptoloid rhabdosome. Alcheringa 7, 201–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eichwald, E. J. 1855. Beitrag zur geographischen Verbreitung der fossilen Thiere Russlands. Alte Periode. Bulletin Societe Imperiale Naturalistes Moscou 28, 433–66.Google Scholar
Ekström, G. 1937. Upper Didymograptus Shale in Scania. Sverige Geologiska Undersökning Ser. C 403, 1–53.Google Scholar
Elles, G. L. & Wood, E. M. R. 1901. A Monograph of British Graptolites. Part I. Palaeontographical Society [Monograph], 1–54.Google Scholar
Elles, G. L. & Wood, E. M. R. 1907. A Monograph of British Graptolites. Part VI. Palaeontographical Society [Monograph], 217–72.Google Scholar
Fortey, R. A. & Owens, R. M. 1987. Early Ordovician (Arenig) stratigraphy and faunas of the Carmarthen district, south-west Wales. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 30, 225–94.Google Scholar
Gutiérrez Marco, J. C. 1980. Graptolitos del Ordovíicico del Sistema Ibérico (Memoire Licenciatura, Universidad Complutense de Madrid).Google Scholar
Gutiérrez Marco, J. C. 1986a. Graptolitos del Ordovícico Español (Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad Complutense de Madrid).Google Scholar
Gutiérrez Marco, J. C. 1986b. Notas sobre el desarrollo y estructura proximal del Rhabdosoma en algunas graptolites ordovicicos de SO de Europa. Paleontologia i Evolucio 20, 191–201.Google Scholar
Gutiérrez Marco, J. C., Albani, R., Aramburu, C., Arbizu, M., Babin, C., García-Ramos, J. C., Méndez-Bedia, I., Rábano, I., Truyols, J., Vannier, J. & Villas, E. 1996. Bioestratigrafía de la Formation Pizarras del Sueve (Ordovicio Medio), en el Sector Septentrional de la Escama de Laviana-Sueve (Zona Cantabrica, Norte de Espafia). Revista Espanola de Paleontologia 11, 48–74.Google Scholar
Gutiérrez Marco, J. C. & Rabano, I. 1984. Fósiles ordovicios del sinclinal de Villadorid (Zona Asturoccidental-leonesa, NW de España). Cuadernos Labaratoria Xeologia Laxe 7, 213–16.Google Scholar
Hall, J. 1865. Graptolites of the Quebec Group. Figures and descriptions of Canadian organic remains, Dec. II, Canadian Geological Survey, 1–151.Google Scholar
Hede, J. E. 1951. Boring through Middle Ordovician-Upper Cambrian in the Fågelsång district, Scania. Lunds Universitet Arsskriftt 2 76, 1–84.Google Scholar
Hernandez Sampelayo, P. 1926. Yacimientos de graptolitidos en la zona de Almadén Bolletin Royale Societie Española Histoire Naturelle 26, 335–438.Google Scholar
Hernández Sampelayo, P. 1960. Graptolítidos españoles (recopilados por R. Fernández Rubio). Notas y Comunicacions Institution Geologica Mineralogia España 57, 3–78.Google Scholar
Hisinger, W. 1840. Lethaea Suecica, seu Petrificata Suecicae, Supplementum secundum, 1–29. Stockholm: Private Publication.Google Scholar
Holm, G. 1895. Om Didymograptus, Tetragraptus och Phyllograptus. Geologiska Foreningens i Stockholm Forhandl 17, 319–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkinson, J. 1869. On British Graptolites. Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club 1, 151–66.Google Scholar
Hopkinson, J. & Lapworth, C. 1875. Descriptions of the graptolites of the Arenig and Llanvirn rocks of St David's. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 31, 631–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, C. P., Rickards, R. B. & Williams, A. 1980. The Ordovician fauna from the Cantaya Formation of eastern Peru. Geological Magazine 117, 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutt, J. E. 1974. The development of Clonograptus tenellus and Adelograptus hunnebergensis. Lethaia 7, 79–92.Google Scholar
Jaanusson, Y. 1960. Graptoloids from the Ontikan and Viruan (Ordovician) Limestones of Estonia and Sweden. Bulletin of the Geological Institute, University of Uppsala 38, 289–366.Google Scholar
Jaeger, H. 1967. Ordoviz auf Rugen Datierung und Vergleich mit anderen Gebieten. Berichte Deutschen Gesellschaft Geologischen Wissenschaften A (Geologie: Pala'ontologie) 12, 165–76.Google Scholar
Jenkins, C. J. 1979. Stratigraphy and graptolite biostratigraphy of the Llanvirn Series type area, St David's, Dyfed, Wales (Ph.D. Thesis. University of Cambridge).Google Scholar
Jenkins, C. J. 1983. Ordovician graptolites from the Great Paxton borehole, Cambridgeshire. Palaeontology 26, 641–53.Google Scholar
Jenkins, C. J. 1987. The Ordovician graptoloid Didymograptus murchisoni in South Wales and its use in three-dimensional stain analysis. Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 78, 105–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kozlowski, R. 1954. Sur la structure de certains Dichograptides. Acta Geologica Polonica 4, 118–35.Google Scholar
Maletz, J. 1992. The proximal development in anisograptids (Graptoloidea, Anisograptidae). Palaontologische Zeitschrift 66, 297–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maletz, J. 1994. Pendent Didymograptids (Graptoloidea, Dichograptina). In Xu, Chen, Erdtmann, B.-D. & Yunnan, Ni (eds) Graptolite Research Today, 27–43. Nanjing: Nanjing University Press.Google Scholar
Maletz, J. 1995. The Middle Ordovician (Llanvirn) graptolite succession of the Albjära core (Scania, Sweden) and its implication for a revised biozonation. Zeitschrift fur Geologische Wissenschaften 23, rMDNM 249–59.Google Scholar
McCoy, F. 1851 {see Sedgwick A. & McCoy F. 1851).Google Scholar
Mu, A. T., Ge, M., Chen, X., Ni, Y. & Lin, Y. 1979. Lower Ordovician graptolites of southwest China. Palaeontologica Sinica 156, 1–192.Google Scholar
Murchison, R. I. 1839. The Silurian System. London: John Murray.Google Scholar
Newell, N. D. & Tafur, I. 1944. Fossiliferous Ordovician in lowlands of Eastern Peru. Journal of Paleontology 18, 540–45.Google Scholar
Nicholson, H. A. 1870. On the British species of Didymograpsus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5, 337–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packham, G. H. 1962. Some diplograptids from the British Lower Silurian. Palaeontology 5, 498–526.Google Scholar
Perdigão, J. C. 1971. O Ordovicio de Fajão, de Unhais-o-Velho, de Salgueiro do Campo e de Penha Garcia (Beira Baixa). I Congreso Hispano-Luso-Americano de Geologia Economica, Madrid 2, 525–41.Google Scholar
Perner, J. 1895. Studie o ceských graptolitech. II. Palaeontographie Boheme 3b, 1–52. Leipzig: Raimund Gerhard.Google Scholar
Philippot, A. 1950. Les graptolites du Massif Armoricain, étude stratigraphique et paléontologique. Mémoire Société Geologie et Minéralogie Bretagne 8, 1–295.Google Scholar
Redlin, K. 1955. Stratigraphie und Tektonik in der mittleren Sierra Morena im Bereich des Valle de Alcudia (Spanien) (Dissertation, Universität Münster).Google Scholar
Riva, J. 1992. The pendent signagraptine graptoloid Keblograptus bidens (Keble). Alcheringa 16, 315–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riva, J. 1994. Yutagraptus mantuanus n.g. n.sp., a pendent xiphograptid from the Lower Ordovician of Utah, U.S.A. In Xu, Chen, Erdtmann, B.-D. & Yunan, Ni (eds) Graptolite Research Today 1–13. Nanjing: Nanjing University Press.Google Scholar
Romano, M. & Diggens, J. N. 1974. The Stratigraphy and structure of Ordovician and associated rocks around Valongo, north Portugal. Comissão do Serviço Geológico Portugal 57, 23–50.Google Scholar
Romariz, C. & Gaspar, A. 1968. Notas sobre graptoloides Portugueses. II. A fauna dos xistos de Ródão. Boletin Sociedad Geologica Portugal 16, 203–208.Google Scholar
Ruedemann, R. 1947. Graptolites of North America. Geological Society of America Memoir 19, 1–652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scharenberg, W. 1850. Über Graptolithen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der bei Christiania vorkommenden Arten, 1–20. Breslau: Private Publication.Google Scholar
Sedgwick, A. & McCoy, F. 1851. A synopsis of the classification of the British Palaeozoic rocks, with a systematic description of the British Palaeozoic fossils in the Geological Museum of the University of Cambridge. London and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Skevington, D. 1965. Graptolites from the Ontikan limestones (Ordovician) of Oland, Sweden. II. Graptoloiden and Graptovermida. Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University of Upsala 43, 1–74.Google Scholar
Skevington, D. 1973. Graptolite fauna of the Great Paxton borehole, Huntingdonshire. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Great Britain 43, 41–57.Google Scholar
Skevington, D. 1974. Controls influencing the composition and distribution of Ordovician graptolite faunal provinces. In Rickards, R. B., Jackson, D. E. & Hughes, C. P. (eds) Graptolite studies in honour of O. M. B. Bulman. Special Papers in Palaeontology 13, 59–73.Google Scholar
Skwarko, S. K. 1968. Some Ordovician graptolites from the Canning Basin, western Australia. 1. On the structure of Didymograptus artus Elles & Wood. Bulletin of the Bureau of Mines, Geology and Geophysics of Australia 92, 171–90.Google Scholar
Spassov, H. 1958. Les Fossiles de Bulgarie. 1. Ere Paléozoïque. Sofia:Academic Sciences Bulgarie.Google Scholar
Strachan, I. 1986. The Ordovician graptolites of the Shelve District, Shropshire. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology Series 40, 1–58.Google Scholar
Strachan, I. & Khashogji, M. S. 1984. The type specimen of Didymograptus murchisoni. Lethaia 17, 223–31.Google Scholar
Tamain, G. 1972. Recherches geologiques et minièrs en Sierra Morena orientale (Espagne). Travaux Laboratoire Geologie Structurié et Applique Orsay 1–369.Google Scholar
Termier, H. & Termier, F. 1950. Contribution à l'étude des faunes paléozoiques de l'Algerie. Bulletin du Service de la Carte Géologique de l'Algerie la series Paléontologie 11, 1–83.Google Scholar
Törnquist, S. L. 1865. Om Fågelsångstraktens Undersiluriska lager. Lund Universitet Arsskrifft 1, 1–24.Google Scholar
Törnquist, S. L. 1879. Några iakttagelser öfver Dalarnes graptolitsskiffrar. Geologiska Fören Stockholm Förhandlingar 4, 446–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tullberg, S. A. 1881. On the graptolites described by Hisinger and older Swedish authors. Bihang Till Kungl Svensk Vetenskaps- Akademie Handlungen 6, 1–23.Google Scholar
Turner, J. C. M. 1960. Faunas graptoliticas de America del Sur. Revista Asociación Geologica Argentina 14, 1–180.Google Scholar
Xiau-Feng, Wang, Yu-Qin, Jin, Zhao-Tona, Wu, Han-Ying, Fu, Zuo-Cong, Li & Guo-Gan, Ma 1977. In Guangdong, , Hunan, , Hunan, & Guangxi, (eds) A Palaeontological Atlas of Central South China, Early Palaeozoic. Beijing: Hubei Institute of Geological Sciences, Geological Bureau of Hubei, Geological Publishing House [in Chinese].Google Scholar
Williams, S. H. & Stevens, R. 1988. Early Ordovician (Arenig) graptolites of the Cow Head Group, western Newfoundland, Canada. Paleontographica Canadiana 5, 1–167.Google Scholar
Zhao, Y. T. 1977. Didymograptus from the Ningkuo Shales of Chui-Xaing and Jiangshan (Zehjiang). Stratigraphy & Palaeontology 3, 86–105.Google Scholar