Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-skm99 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T09:25:46.962Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Product Development of Branded, Packaged Household Goods in Britain, 1870–1914: Colman’s, Reckitt’s, and Lever Brothers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2015

Abstract

The three companies whose history forms the subject of this article became leaders in a sector of the British economy—consumer goods—generally regarded as one of the most successful in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Product innovation and development, achieved internally or through acquisition, enabled these firms to become market leaders. We therefore analyze the processes of product development within the three firms, using a systematic framework that allows us to offer generalizations about the process of product innovation and development in the consumer goods sector in Britain. We conclude that gradual modification, rather than revolutionary innovation, was characteristic of product development in the household goods trade, and that technology was less important for success than marketing skill.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Enterprise and Society 2001

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bibliography of Works Cited

Books

Abernathy, William J. The Productivity Dilemma: Roadblock to Innovation in the Automobile Industry. Baltimore, Md., 1978.Google Scholar
The Advertising of J. & J. Colman: Yellow, White and Blue. Norwich, 1977.Google Scholar
Booz, Allen, and Hamilton, . Management of New Products. 1968; New York, 1982.Google Scholar
Chandler, Alfred D., Jr. Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism. Cambridge, Mass., 1990.Google Scholar
Chapman-Huston, Desmond. Reckitt, Sir James, a Memoir by Major Desmond Chapman-Huston (Desmond Mountjoy). London, 1927.Google Scholar
Colman, Helen Caroline. Jeremiah James Colman: A Memoir.London, 1905.Google Scholar
Galambos, Louis, with Sewell, Jane Eliot. Networks of Innovation: Vaccine Development at Merck, Sharp, Dohme, and Mulford, 1895–1995. New York, 1995.Google Scholar
Habakkuk, Hrothgar J. American and British Technology in the Nineteenth Century; the Search for Labour-Saving Inventions. Cambridge, U.K., 1962.Google Scholar
Kirzner, Israel M. Competition and Entrepreneurship. Chicago, 1973.Google Scholar
Landes, David S. The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present. Cambridge, U.K., 1969.Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel. The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress. New York, 1990.Google Scholar
Peiss, Kathy. Hope in a Jar: The Making of America’s Beauty Culture. New York, 1998.Google Scholar
Reckitt, Basil N. The History of Reckitt and Sons, Limited. London, 1951.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Nathan. Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics. New York, 1982.Google Scholar
Taylor, R. J. Unilever Research at Port Sunlight. London, 1970.Google Scholar
Wilson, Charles. The History of Unilever: A Study in Economic Growth and Social Change, 3 vols. London, 1954, 1968.Google Scholar
Berg, Maxine. “Product Innovation in Core Consumer Industries in Eighteenth CenturyBritain.In Technological Revolutions in Europe: Historical Perspectives, ed. Maxine, Berg and Kristine, Bruland. Baltimore, Md., 1998, pp. 170–89.Google Scholar
Church, Roy. “Advertising Consumer Goods in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Re-Interpretations.Economic History Review 52 (Nov. 2000): 621–45.Google Scholar
Church, Roy. “New Perspectives on the Historyof Products, Firms, Marketing and Consumers in Britain and the United States since the Mid-Nineteenth Century.Economic History Review 52 (Aug. 1999): 405–35.Google Scholar
Church, Roy, and Clark, Christine. “Cleanliness Next to Godliness: Christians in Victorian Business.Business and Economic History 28 (1999): 2741.Google Scholar
Church, Roy. “Creating Competitive Advantage in the Marketing of Branded Packaged Consumer Goods: J. & J. Colman and Isaac Reckitt & Sons in Early Victorian Britain.Journal of Industrial History 3 (Aug. 2000): 98119.Google Scholar
Cookson, Gillian. “Innovation, Diffusion, and Mechanical Engineers in Britain, 1780–1850.Economic History Review 47 (1994): 749–53.Google Scholar
Cooper, R. G., and Kleinschmidt, E. J.. “New Products: What Separates Winners from Losers?Journal of Product Innovation Management 4 (1987): 169–84.Google Scholar
Cooper, R. G.. “Major New Products: What Distinguishes the Winners in the Chemical Industry?Journal of Product Innovation Management 10 (1993): 90111.Google Scholar
Dosi, Giovanni, and Marengo, L.. “Some Elements of an EvolutionaryTheory of Organizational Competencies.In Evolutionary Concepts in Contemporary Economics, ed. Richard W., England. Ann Arbor, Mich., 1994, pp. 157–78.Google Scholar
Edgett, S., Shipley, D., and Fabs, G.. “Contributing Factors to Success and Failure in New Product Development.Journal of Product Innovation Management 9 (1992): 310.Google Scholar
Harley, C. Knick. “The Shift from Sailing Ships to Steamships, 1850–1890.In Economic Maturity and Entrepreneurial Decline; British Iron and Steel, 1870–1913, ed. Donald N., McCloskey. Cambridge, Mass., 1973, pp. 215–34.Google Scholar
Jeremy, David. J.The Enlightened Paternalist in Action; W. Hesketh Lever at Port ‘Sunlight’ Before 1914.Business History 33 (1991): 5881.Google Scholar
MacLeod, Christine. “Strategies for Innovation: The Diffusion of New Technologyin Nineteenth-Century British Industry.Economic History Review 45 (May 1992): 285307.Google Scholar
MacLeod, ChristineThe Peculiarities of Yorkshire Inventors: A Reply.Economic History Review 47 (Nov. 1994): 754–59.Google Scholar
Mathias, Peter. “The Machine: Icon of Growth.In The Trouble with Technology: Explorations in the Process of Technical Change, ed. Macdonald, Stuart, Lamberton, D. McL., and Mandeville, Thomas. New York, 1983, pp. 1125.Google Scholar
Nelson, Richard R.Why Do Firms Differ, and How Does It Matter?Strategic Management Journal 12 (1991): 6174.Google Scholar
Peckham, Brian W.Technological Change in the British and French Starch Industries, 1750–1850.Technology and Culture 27 (1986): 1839.Google Scholar
Teece, David, and Pisano, Gary. “The Dynamic Capabilities of Firms: An Introduction.Industrial and Corporate Change 3 (1994): 537–56.Google Scholar
Wilkins, Mira. “The Neglected Intangible Asset: The In?uence of the Trademark in the Rise of the Modern Corporation.Business History 3 (1992): 6695.Google Scholar
Basil Reckitt Family Papers (privately held).Google Scholar
Chicken, E.Ultramarine: A Study.Ph.D. dissertation, Open University, 1993.Google Scholar
Rare Book, Manuscripts, and Special Collections Library, Duke University. Lever, Bros., Information centre records, files, and accounts: packaging, 1900–20.Google Scholar
Mottram, J. H. “History of J. & J. Colman and J. & J. Colman Ltd. of Carrow and Cannon Street” (unpublished typescript, ca. 1950).Google Scholar
Reckitt & Colman Archives, Dansom Lane, Hull, U.K. Google Scholar
Unilever Historical Archives, “Port Sunlight,” U.K. Google Scholar
Unilever Historical Archives, London.Google Scholar