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Anderson, David A. Walz, Marcus E. Weil, Ernesto Tonellato, Peter and Smith, Matthew C. 2016. RNA-Seq of the Caribbean reef-building coralOrbicella faveolata(Scleractinia-Merulinidae) under bleaching and disease stress expands models of coral innate immunity. PeerJ, Vol. 4, p. e1616.
Antonelli, Peter L. Rutz, Solange F. Sammarco, Paul W. and Strychar, Kevin B. 2016. Evolution of symbiosis in hermatypic corals: A model of the past, present, and future. Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications, Vol. 32, p. 389.
Brenner, Logan D. Linsley, Braddock K. Dunbar, Robert B. and Wellington, Gerard 2016. Coral δ18O evidence for Pacific Ocean mediated decadal variability in Panamanian ITCZ rainfall back to the early 1700s. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Vol. 449, p. 385.
Chow, M.H. Tsang, Ryan H.L. Lam, Eric K.Y. and Ang, P. 2016. Quantifying the degree of coral bleaching using digital photographic technique. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, Vol. 479, p. 60.
Deschaseaux, Elisabeth Jones, Graham and Swan, Hilton 2016. Dimethylated sulfur compounds in coral-reef ecosystems. Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 13, Issue. 2, p. 239.
Kuffner, Ilsa B. Lidz, Barbara H. Hudson, J. Harold and Anderson, Jeffrey S. 2015. A Century of Ocean Warming on Florida Keys Coral Reefs: Historic In Situ Observations. Estuaries and Coasts, Vol. 38, Issue. 3, p. 1085.
Clark, Tara R. Zhao, Jian-xin Roff, George Feng, Yue-xing Done, Terence J. Nothdurft, Luke D. and Pandolfi, John M. 2014. Discerning the timing and cause of historical mortality events in modern Porites from the Great Barrier Reef. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 138, p. 57.
Smith, Tyler B. Glynn, Peter W. Maté, Juan L. Toth, Lauren T. and Gyory, Joanna 2014. A depth refugium from catastrophic coral bleaching prevents regional extinction. Ecology, Vol. 95, Issue. 6, p. 1663.
Wall, C. B. Fan, T.-Y. and Edmunds, P. J. 2014. Ocean acidification has no effect on thermal bleaching in the coral Seriatopora caliendrum. Coral Reefs, Vol. 33, Issue. 1, p. 119.
Hibino, Yuya Todd, Peter Ashworth, Carey D. Obuchi, Masami and Reimer, James Davis 2013. Monitoring colony colour and zooxanthellae (Symbiodiniumspp.) condition in the reef zoanthidPalythoa tuberculosain Okinawa, Japan. Marine Biology Research, Vol. 9, Issue. 8, p. 794.
Lundgren, Petra Vera, Juan C Peplow, Lesa Manel, Stephanie and van Oppen, Madeleine JH 2013. Genotype – environment correlations in corals from the Great Barrier Reef. BMC Genetics, Vol. 14, Issue. 1, p. 9.
Mayfield, A. B. Fan, T.-Y. and Chen, C.-S. 2013. Physiological acclimation to elevated temperature in a reef-building coral from an upwelling environment. Coral Reefs, Vol. 32, Issue. 4, p. 909.
Glynn, P. W. Colley, S. B. Maté, J. L. Baums, I. B. Feingold, J. S. Cortés, J. Guzmán, H. M. Afflerbach, J. C. Brandtneris, V. W. and Ault, J. S. 2012. Reef coral reproduction in the equatorial eastern Pacific: Costa Rica, Panamá, and the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador). VII. Siderastreidae, Psammocora stellata and Psammocora profundacella. Marine Biology, Vol. 159, Issue. 9, p. 1917.
Yu, KeFu 2012. Coral reefs in the South China Sea: Their response to and records on past environmental changes. Science China Earth Sciences, Vol. 55, Issue. 8, p. 1217.
Lough, Janice M. and Cooper, Timothy F. 2011. New insights from coral growth band studies in an era of rapid environmental change. Earth-Science Reviews, Vol. 108, Issue. 3-4, p. 170.
Stella, J. S. Munday, P. L. and Jones, G. P. 2011. Effects of coral bleaching on the obligate coral-dwelling crab Trapezia cymodoce. Coral Reefs, Vol. 30, Issue. 3, p. 719.
LaJeunesse, T. C. Smith, R. Walther, M. Pinzon, J. Pettay, D. T. McGinley, M. Aschaffenburg, M. Medina-Rosas, P. Cupul-Magana, A. L. Perez, A. L. Reyes-Bonilla, H. and Warner, M. E. 2010. Host-symbiont recombination versus natural selection in the response of coral-dinoflagellate symbioses to environmental disturbance. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 277, Issue. 1696, p. 2925.
Visram, Shakil Yang, Ming-Che Pillay, Ruby Moothien Said, Sadri Henriksson, Oskar Grahn, Mats and Chen, Chaolun Allen 2010. Genetic connectivity and historical demography of the blue barred parrotfish (Scarus ghobban) in the western Indian Ocean. Marine Biology, Vol. 157, Issue. 7, p. 1475.
Ortiz, J. C. Gomez-Cabrera, M. del C. and Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 2009. Effect of colony size and surrounding substrate on corals experiencing a mild bleaching event on Heron Island reef flat (southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia). Coral Reefs, Vol. 28, Issue. 4, p. 999.
Sammarco, Paul W. and Strychar, Kevin B. 2009. Effects of Climate Change/Global Warming on Coral Reefs: Adaptation/Exaptation in Corals, Evolution in Zooxanthellae, and Biogeographic Shifts. Environmental Bioindicators, Vol. 4, Issue. 1, p. 9.
Recent ‘bleaching’ and death of hermatypic (reef-building) corals has occurred extensively in Pacific Ocean waters of Panamá (Gulf of Chiriquí), near the Panamá-Costa Rica border. All hydrocorals (Millepora spp.) and scleractinian corals (5 genera) have been affected to some degree in the non-upwelling environment of Chiriquí. No other members of the macrobenthos showed signs of stress (lowered activities, morbidity) or reduced abundance. The affected area, including the mainland, nearshore and offshore islands, and adjacent waters, is about 10,000 km2. Further surveys in the Gulf of Chiriquí may reveal even more extensive mortality.
This disturbance began in the dry season (January–April 1983), during a period of clear skies, low rainfall, and minimal river drainage. I first observed large, ‘bleached’ coral patches (up to 100 m2 in area) in mid-March, and observations by others indicate that coral ‘bleaching’ occurred in February and possibly as early as mid-January. Normal and ‘bleached’ corals observed in mid-March were ‘bleached’ and dead, respectively, by the end of April, suggesting that the disturbance is protracted. By the end of the dry season, 80 to 95% of all corals in the affected areas were severely ‘bleached’ or dead.
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