Skip to main content

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
Cancel
×
×
Home
  • Home
Article
  • Cited by 16
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Fedotov, Egor 2017. Host governments, national minorities, and minorities’ kin states: assessing the triadic nexus. Palgrave Communications, Vol. 3, Issue. 1,
    Fedotov, Egor 2017. Ideas, structures, and the (un)conventional politics of minority rights in Romania and Ukraine. Palgrave Communications, Vol. 3, Issue. , p. 17052.
    Chen, Dean P. 2017. US-China Rivalry and Taiwan's Mainland Policy. p. 1.
    Goemans, Hein E. and Schultz, Kenneth A. 2017. The Politics of Territorial Claims: A Geospatial Approach Applied to Africa. International Organization, Vol. 71, Issue. 01, p. 31.
    Buzard, Kristy Graham, Benjamin A.T. and Horne, Ben 2016. Unrecognized States: A Theory of Self-Determination and Foreign Influence. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, p. eww017.
    Knott, Eleanor 2015. What Does it Mean to Be a Kin Majority? Analyzing Romanian Identity in Moldova and Russian Identity in Crimea from Below. Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 96, Issue. 3, p. 830.
    Han, Enze O’Mahoney, Joseph and Paik, Christopher 2014. External kin, economic disparity and minority ethnic group mobilization. Conflict Management and Peace Science, Vol. 31, Issue. 1, p. 49.
    Cederman, Lars-Erik Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede Salehyan, Idean and Wucherpfennig, Julian 2013. Transborder Ethnic Kin and Civil War. International Organization, Vol. 67, Issue. 02, p. 389.
    Han, Enze 2013. External Cultural Ties and the Politics of Language in China. Ethnopolitics, Vol. 12, Issue. 1, p. 30.
    Wachtel, Andrew Baruch 2013. Kyrgyzstan between democratization and ethnic intolerance. Nationalities Papers, Vol. 41, Issue. 6, p. 971.
    Capoccia, Giovanni Sáez, Lawrence and de Rooij, Eline 2012. When State Responses Fail: Religion and Secessionism in India 1952–2002. The Journal of Politics, Vol. 74, Issue. 4, p. 1010.
    Laitin, David D. 2009. Immigrant Communities and Civil War*. International Migration Review, Vol. 43, Issue. 1, p. 35.
    Jenne, Erin K. Saideman, Stephen M. and Lowe, Will 2007. Separatism as a Bargaining Posture: The Role of Leverage in Minority Radicalization. Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 44, Issue. 5, p. 539.
    Jenne, Erin 2004. A Bargaining Theory of Minority Demands: Explaining the Dog that Did not Bite in 1990s Yugoslavia. International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 48, Issue. 4, p. 729.
    Kelley, Judith 2004. International Actors on the Domestic Scene: Membership Conditionality and Socialization by International Institutions. International Organization, Vol. 58, Issue. 03,
    LAITIN, DAVID D. 2001. Secessionist Rebellion in the Former Soviet Union. Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 34, Issue. 8, p. 839.
    ×
  • Get access
    Add to cart USD25.00
    Check if you have access via personal or institutional login
    Log in Register Recommend to librarian

The role of a minority's reference state in ethnic relations

  • Pieter van Houten (a1)
Abstract

This article presents a model of the triangular relationship between minority, majority, and the minority's reference state which is a feature of many ethnic relations. The presence of a reference state can overcome a potential commitment problem between minority and majority if it is perceived to be both militarily strong and moderately irredentist. Empirical material from Croatia, Transylvania, Estonia and Crimea suggests the plausibility of the model. Russia's role as a reference state is particularly interesting.

L'article présente un modèle de relation triangulaire entre minorité, majorité et l'État de référence pour la minorité comme schéma des relations interethniques. La présence d'un État de référence permet de surmonter un possible problème de conflit de loyauté entre majorité et minorité, si cet État est perçu comme militairement puissant et modérément irrédenriste. Des données empiriques concernant la Croatie, la Transylvanie, l'Estonie, la Crimée et surtout la Russie plaident pour la plausibilité du modèle.

Die Dreiecksbeziehung zwischen Minderheit, Mehrheit und dem Bezugsstaat der Minderheit, typisch fur viele ethnische Beziehungen, soil hier als Modell schematisiert werden. Die Berufung auf einen Bezugsstaat kann ein potenoelles Verpflichtungsproblem zwischen Minderheit und Mehrheit überwinden helfen, wenn er sowohl als militärisch stark, als auch als irredentistisch gilt. Erfahrungen aus Kroatien, Transsylvanien, Estland und der Krim lassen dieses Modell plausibel erscheinen. Vor allen Dingen Rußlands Rolle als Bezugsland ist von Interesse.

Copyright
COPYRIGHT: © Archives Européenes de Sociology 1998
References
Hide All
Asiwaju, A.I., ed. (1985), Partitioned Africans: Ethnic Relations Across Africa's International Boundaries 1884–1984 (New York: St. Martin's Press).
Barth, Fredrik, ed. (1969), Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference (Boston: Little Brown).
Biro, Sandor (1992), The Nationalities Problem in Transylvania 1867–1940 (New York: Columbia University Press).
Borsody, Stephen (1982), Hungary's Road to Trianon: Peacemaking and Propaganda, in Kiraly, et al. , eds.
Bremmer, Ian (1993), Ethnic Issues in Crimea, RFE/RL Research Report, 2, 18: 24–28.
Brubaker, Rogers (1996), Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Bukkvoll, Tor (1995), A Fall From Grace for Crimean Separatists, Transition, 1, 21: 46–49.
Bungs, Dzintra (1993), Progress on Withdrawal from the Baltic States, RFE/RL Research Report, 2, 25: 50–59.
Bungs, Dzintra, Girnius, Saulius, and Kionka, Riina (1992), Citizenship Legislation in the Baltic States, RFE/RL Research Report, 1, 50: 38–40.
Chinn, Jeff and Kaiser, Robert (1996), Russians as the New Minority: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Soviet Successor States (Boulder: Westview Press).
Clemens, Walter C. Jr., (1991), Baltic Independence and Russian Empire (New York: St. Martin's Press).
Cohen, Lenard J. (1993), Broken Bonds: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia (Boulder: Westview Press).
Crow, Suzanne (1993), Russian Parliament Asserts Control over Sevastopol, RFE/RL Research Report, 2, 31: 37–41.
Dawisha, Karen and Parrott, Bruce (1994), Russia and the New States of Eurasia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Diuk, Nadia and Karatnycky, Adrian (1993), New Nations Rising: The Fall of the Soviets and the Challenge of Independence (New York: John Wiley & Sons).
Drohobycky, Maria, ed. (1995), Crimea: Dynamics, Challenges, and Prospects (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield).
Fearon, James D. (1994), Ethnic War as a Commitment Problem,paper presented at the APSA conference,New York.
Fearon, James D. (1998), Commitment Problems and the Spread of Ethnic Conflict, in Lake, David A. and Rothchild, Donald, eds, Ethnic Conflict: Fear, Diffusion, Escalation (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
Fearon, James D. and Laitin, David D. (1996), Explaining Interethnic Cooperation, American Political Science Review, 90: 715–735.
Fischer-Galati, Stephen (1982), Trianon and Romania, in Kiraly, et al. , eds.
Fischer-Galati, Stephen (1983), The Great Powers and the Fate of Transylvania Between the Two World Wars, in Cadzow, John F., Ludanyi, Andrew, and Elteto, Louis J., eds, Transylvania: The Roots of Ethnic Conflict (Kent: Kent State University Press).
Foye, Stephen (1992), Russian Politics Complicates Baltic Troop Withdrawals, RFE/RL Research Report, 1, 46: 30–35.
Gagnon, V.P. Jr., (1995), Ethnic Nationalism and International Conflict: The Case of Serbia, International Security, 19, 3: 130–166.
Girnius, Saulius (1994), The Baltic States, RFE/RL Research Report, 3, 16: 5–8.
Girnius, Saulius (1996), Estonia: Relations With Russia Turn Bitter, Transition, 2, 11: 42–45.
Glenny, Misha (1993), The Fall of Yugoslavia: The Third Balkan War (New York: Penguin).
Glenny, Misha (1995). Yugoslavia: The Great Fall, New York Review of Books, 42, 5: 56–65.
Haabsaar, Enn and Kirch, Aksel (1997), Influence of Russia on the Integration of Russians in Estonia: Historical Retrospection and the Current Trends, in Kirch, A., ed., The Integration of Non-Estonians into Estonian Society: History, Problems and Trends (Tallinn: Estonian Academic Publishers).
Haas, Ain (1996), Non-violence in Ethnic Relations in Estonia, Journal of Baltic Studies, 27:47–76.
Hill, Fiona and Jewett, Pamela (1994), Back in the USSR: Russia's Intervention in the Internal Affairs of the Former Soviet Republics and the Implications for United States Policy Toward Russia (Cambridge: Harvard University report).
Horowitz, Donald L. (1985), Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press).
Illyes, Elemer (1982), National Minorities in Romania: Change in Transylvania (New York: Columbia University Press).
Juhasz, Gyula (1979), Hungarian Foreign Policy 1919–1945 (Budapest: Akademiai Kiado).
Kaplan, Cinthia (1993), Estonia: A Plural Society on the Road to Independence, in Bremmer, Ian and Taras, Ray, eds, Nations and Politics in the Soviet Successor States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Kaplan, Cinthia (1998), Ethnicity and Sovereignty: Insights from Russian Negotiations with Estonia and Tatarstan, in Lake, David A. and Rothchild, Donald, eds, Ethnic Conflict: Fear, Diffusion, Escalation (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
Kionka, Riina (1992), Armed Incidents Aggravate Russian-Estonian Relations, RFE/RL Research Report, 1, 34: 34–37.
Kiraly, Bela K., Pastor, Peter, and Sanders, Ivan, eds (1982), War and Society in East Central Europe, Vol VI. Essays on World War I: Total War and Peacemaking, A Case Study on Trianon (New York: Columbia University Press).
Kirch, Marika and Kirch, Aksel (1997), Identity Changes and the Emergence of a New Integration Paradigm, in Kirch, A., ed., The Integration of Non-Estonians into Estonian Society: History, Problems and Trends (Tallinn: Estonian Academic Publishers).
Klatt, Martin (1994), Russians in the ‘Near Abroad’, RFE/RL Research Report, 3, 32: 33–44.
Kolstoe, Paul (1995), Russians in the Former Soviet Republics (Bloomington: Indiana University Press).
Kozhemiakin, Alexander V. and Kanet, Roger E. (1997), Russia and its Western Neighbours in the ‘Near Abroad’, in Kanet, and Kozhemiakin, , eds, The Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation (New York: St. Martin's Press).
Kramer, John M. (1993), ‘Energy Shock’ from Russia Jolts Baltic States, RFE/RL Research Report, 2, 17:41–49.
Laitin, David D. (1995), National Revivals and Violence, Archives européennes de sociologie, XXXVI: 3–43.
Laitin, David D. (1998), Identity in Formation: The Russian-Speaking Population in the Near Abroad (Ithaca: Cornell University Press).
Lapychak, Chrystyna (1995), Crackdown on Crimean Separatism, Transition, 1, 8: 2–5.
Lengyel, Zsolt K. (1993), Auf der Suche nach dem Kompromiß: Ursprünge and Gestalten des frühen Transsilvanismus 1918–1928 (München: Verlag Ungarisches Institut).
Livezeanu, Irina (1995), Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building, and Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press).
Ludanyi, Andrew (1982), The Hungarians of Transylvania, in Kiraly, et al. , eds.
Macartney, C.A. (1937), Hungary and Her Successors: The Treaty of Trianon and Its Consequences 1919–1937 (London: Oxford University Press).
Markus, Ustina (1994), Crimea Restores 1992 Constitution, RFE/RL Research Report, 3, 23: 9–12.
Marshall, Monty G. (1993), States at Risk: Ethnopolitics in the Multinational States of Eastern Europe, in Gurr, Ted R., Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts (Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press).
Melvin, Neil (1995), Russians Beyond Russia: The Politics of National Identity (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs).
Mocsy, Istvan I. (1982), Partition of Hungary and the Origins of the Refugee Problem, in Kiraly, et al. , eds.
Pastor, Peter (1982), Hungarian Territorial Losses During the Liberal-Democratic Revolution of 1918–1919, in Kiraly, et al. , eds.
Pearson, Raymond (1983), National Minorities in Eastern Europe, 1848–1945 (New York: St. Martin's Press).
Posen, Barry R. (1993), The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict, Survival, 35, 1: 27–47.
Rose, Richard and Maley, William (1994), Conflict or Compromise in the Baltic States, RFE/RL Research Report, 3, 28: 26–35.
Rothschild, Joseph (1974), East Central Europe between the Two World Wars (Seattle: University of Washington Press).
Russell, Wynne (1995), Russian Relations with the ‘Near Abroad’, in Shearman, Peter, ed., Russian Foreign Policy Since 1990 (Boulder: Westview Press).
Sasse, Gwendolyn (1996), The Crimean Issue, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 12: 83–100.
Sheehy, Ann (1993), The Estonian Law on Aliens, RFE/RL Research Report, 2, 38:7–11.
Silber, Laura and Little, Allan (1996), Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation (New York: TV Books, Inc).
Smelser, Ronald M. (1975), The Sudeten Problem 1933–1938: Volkstumpolitik and the Formulation of Nazi Foreign Policy (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press).
Smith, Graham and Wilson, Andrew (1997). Rethinking Russia's Post-Soviet Diaspora: The Potential of Political Mobilisation in Eastern Ukraine and North-east Estonia, Europe-Asia Studies, 49: 845–864.
Solchanyk, Roman (1991), Centrifugal Movements in Ukraine on the Eve of Independence Referendum, Report on the USSR, 3, 48:8–13.
Solchanyk, Roman (1992a), Ukrainian-Russian Confrontation over the Crimea, RFE/RL Research Report, 1, 8: 26–30.
Solchanyk, Roman (1992b), The Crimean Imbroglio: Kiev and Simferopol, RFE/RL Research Report, 1, 33: 13–16.
Solchanyk, Roman (1992c), The Crimean Imbroglio: Kiev and Moscow, RFE/RL Research Report, 1, 40: 6–10.
Stewart, Susan (1993), Ukraine's Policy Toward Its Ethnic Minorities, RFE/RL Research Report, 2, 36: 55–62.
Szegedi, Edith (1992), Ansätze zum innerethnischen Dialog in Rumänien 1918–1940 und 1990, in Seewann, Gerhard, ed., Minderheitenfragen in Südosteuropa (München: Oldenbourg Verlag).
Taagepera, Rein (1993), Estonia: Return to Independence (Boulder: Westview Press).
Taras, Ray (1993), Conclusion: Making Sense of Matrioshka Nationalism, in Bremmer, Ian and Taras, Ray, eds, Nations and Politics in the Soviet Successor States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Toth, Peter P. (1996), Hungarians in the Successor States: From World War I to World War II, Nationalities Papers, 24: 425–435.
Tulko, Alexander (1995), Conflicting Reports Fuel Crimean Tension, Transition, 1, 6: 16–18.
Vetik, Raivo (1993), Ethnic Conflict and Accommodation in Post-Communist Estonia, Journal of Peace Research, 30: 271–280.
Weingast, Barry R. (1998), Constructing Trust: The Politics and Economics of Ethnic and Regional Conflict, in Haupler, Virginia, Soltan, Karol, and Uslaner, Eric, eds, Where is the New Institutionalism Now? (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press).
Zevelev, Igor (1996), Russia and the Russian Diasporas, Post-Soviet Affairs, 12: 265–284.
Recommend this journal

Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation's collection.

European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie
  • ISSN: 0003-9756
  • EISSN: 1474-0583
  • URL: /core/journals/european-journal-of-sociology-archives-europeennes-de-sociologie
Please enter your name
Please enter a valid email address
Who would you like to send this to? *

CAPTCHA *

Skip to the audio challenge
×

Metrics

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 29 *
Loading metrics...

Abstract views

Total abstract views: 135 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between September 2016 - 12th June 2018. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Cancel
Confirm
×