Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-wq2xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-15T11:56:30.770Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Transforming State Visions: Ideology and Ideas in Armed Groups Turned Political Parties – Introduction to Special Issue

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 January 2019

Abstract

How do the visions of the state articulated by armed movements during conflict change when they become political parties after war? We show that ideas about the state are often central to the strategies and direction of these new parties, but there is variation in the extent to which these ideas have changed. The first part of this article shows why a focus on former rebel parties provides valuable insights into the role of ideas in post-war politics. The second part draws on the literatures on civil wars and political parties to highlight their relevance for former rebel parties. The third part provides a framework for understanding the variation in the role of ideology in former rebel parties, by focusing on ideological content and explanations of post-war ideological continuity and change. This part also introduces the other articles in the special issue and wider collection. Finally, we discuss the effects of these ideologies when they encounter other logics of post-war politics.

Type
Articles
Copyright
© The Author(s). Published by Government and Opposition Limited and Cambridge University Press 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Devon E.A. Curtis is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Politics and International Studies at the University of Cambridge. Contact email: dc403@cam.ac.uk.

Gyda M. Sindre is Marie Curie Fellow and Researcher in the Department of Politics and International Studies at the University of Cambridge and the Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen. Contact email: gms50@cam.ac.uk.

References

Aalen, L. (2019), ‘The Revolutionary Democracy of Ethiopia: A Wartime Ideology Both Shaping and Shaped by Peacetime Policy Needs’, Government and Opposition: An International Journal of Comparative Politics, doi: 10.1017/gov.2018.54 .Google Scholar
Aalen, L. and Muriaas, R. (2017), ‘Power Calculations and Political Decentralisation in African Post-Conflict States’, International Political Science Review, 38(1): 5669.Google Scholar
Adams, I. (1993), Political Ideology Today (Manchester: Manchester University Press).Google Scholar
Allison, M.E. (2010), ‘The Legacy of Violence on Post-Civil War Elections: The Case of El Salvador’, Studies in Comparative International Development, 45(1): 104124.Google Scholar
Althusser, L. (1976) (ed.), ‘L’Idéologie et les appareils idéologiques d’Etat’, in Positions (Paris: Editions sociales).Google Scholar
Arjona, A., Kasfir, N. and Mampilly, Z. (2015) (eds), Rebel Governance in Civil War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Aspinall, E. and Weiss, M.L. (2014), ‘The Limits of Civil Society: Social Movements and Political Parties in Southeast Asia’, in R. Robison (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Southeast Asian Politics (London: Routledge): 213228.Google Scholar
Basedau, M., Erdmann, G. and Mehler, A. (2007), Votes, Money and Violence: Political Parties and Elections in Sub-Saharan Africa (Uppsala/Scottsville: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet and University of Kwazulu-Natal Press).Google Scholar
Bermeo, N. (1997), ‘Myths of Moderation: Confrontation and Conflict During Democratic Transitions’, Comparative Politics, 29(3): 305322.Google Scholar
Berti, B. (2013), Armed Political Organizations: From Conflict to Integration (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press).Google Scholar
Berti, B. (2019), ‘Rebel Groups between Adaptation and Ideological Continuity: The Impact of Sustained Political Participation’, Government and Opposition: An International Journal of Comparative Politics, 54 (this issue), doi: 10.1017/gov.2018.44.Google Scholar
Berti, B. and Gutiérrez, B. (2016), ‘Rebel-to-Political and Back? Hamas as a Security Provider in Gaza between Rebellion, Politics and Governance’, Democratization, 23(6): 10591076.Google Scholar
Blattman, C. (2009), ‘From Violence to Voting: War and Political Participation in Uganda’, American Political Science Review, 103(2): 215237.Google Scholar
Booth, D. and Golooba-Mutebi, F. (2012), ‘Developmental Patrimonialism? The Case of Rwanda’, African Affairs, 111(444): 379403.Google Scholar
Brocker, M. and Künkler, M. (2013), ‘Religious Parties: Revisiting the Inclusion-Moderation Hypothesis: Introduction’, Party Politics, 19(2): 171186.Google Scholar
Burihabwa, N. and Curtis, D.E.A. (2019), ‘The Limits of Resistance Ideologies? The CNDD-FDD and Legacies of Governance in Burundi’, Government and Opposition: An International Journal of Comparative Politics, 54 (this issue).Google Scholar
Carbone, G.M. (2007), ‘Political Parties and Party Systems in Africa: Themes and Research Perspectives’, World Political Science Review, 3(3): 129.Google Scholar
Carothers, T. (2006), Confronting the Weakest Link: Aiding Political Parties in New Democracies (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace).Google Scholar
Chemouni, B. and Mugiraneza, A. (2019), ‘Singing the Struggle: The Rwandan Patriotic Front’s Ideology Through its Songs of Liberation’, Aegis Working Paper, forthcoming.Google Scholar
Chandler, D. (2017), Peacebuilding: The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1997–2017 (Palgrave Macmillan).Google Scholar
Clapham, C. (1998), African Guerrillas (Oxford: James Currey).Google Scholar
Clapham, C. (2007), ‘African Guerrillas Revisited’, in M. Bøås and K. Dunn (eds), African Guerrillas: Raging Against the Machine (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner): 221234.Google Scholar
Coleman, J.S. and Rosberg, C.G. (1964), Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa (Los Angeles: University of California Press).Google Scholar
Collier, P. and Hoeffler, A. (2004), ‘Greed and Grievance in Civil War’, Oxford Economic Papers, 56: 563595.Google Scholar
Curtis, D. (2013), ‘The Limits to Statebuilding for Peace in Africa’, South African Journal of International Affairs, 20(1): 7997.Google Scholar
Curtis, D. and de Zeeuw, J. (2009), ‘Rebel Movements and Political Party Development in Post-Conflict Societies: A Short Literature Review’, Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies, Working Paper for the Program on States and Security (New York: Graduate Center, City University of New York).Google Scholar
De Waal, A. (2009), ‘Mission Without End? Peacekeeping in the African Political Marketplace’, International Affairs, 85(1): 99113.Google Scholar
De Zeeuw, J. (2008), From Soldiers to Politicians: Transforming Rebel Movements After Civil War (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner).Google Scholar
De Zeeuw, J. and Kumar, K. (2006), Promoting Democracy in Postconflict Societies (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner).Google Scholar
Duffield, M. (2001), Global Governance and the New War: The Merging of Development and Security (London: Zed Books).Google Scholar
Elischer, S. (2012), ‘Measuring and Comparing Party Ideology in Nonindustrialized Societies: Taking Party Manifesto Research to Africa’, Democratization, 19(4): 642667.Google Scholar
Fearon, J.D. and Laitin, D.D. (2003), ‘Ethnicity, Insurgency and Civil War’, American Political Science Review, 97(1): 7586.Google Scholar
Freeden, M. (1996), Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Graham, G. (2007), ‘People’s War? Self-Interest, Coercion and Ideology in Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency’, Small Wars and Insurgencies, 18(2): 231248.Google Scholar
Grzymala-Busse, A. (2002), Redeeming the Communist Past (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Harmel, R. (2018), ‘The How’s and Why’s of Party Manifestos: Some Guidance for a Cross-National Research Agenda’, Party Politics, 24(3): 229239.Google Scholar
Hegghammer, T. (2013), ‘Should I Stay or Should I Go? Explaining Variation in Western Jihadists’ choices between Domestic and Foreign Fighting’, American Political Science Review, 107(1): 115.Google Scholar
Hegre, H. and Sambanis, N. (2006), ‘Sensitivity Analysis of Empirical Results on Civil War Onset’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50(4): 508535.Google Scholar
Heywood, A, (1992), Political Ideologies: An Introduction (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan).Google Scholar
Hutchful, E. and Aning, K. (2004), ‘The Political Economy of Conflict’, in A. Adebajo and I. Rashid (eds), West Africa’s Security Challenges: Building Peace in a Troubled Region (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner): 195222.Google Scholar
Ishiyama, J. (1997), ‘The Sickle or the Rose: Previous Regime Types and the Evolution of the Ex-Communist Parties’, Comparative Political Studies, 30(3): 258274.Google Scholar
Ishiyama, J. (1999), ‘The Communist Successor Parties and Party Organizational Development in Post-Communist Politics’, Political Research Quarterly, 52(1): 87112.Google Scholar
Ishiyama, J. (2016), ‘From Bullets to Ballots: The Transformation of Rebel Groups into Political Parties’, Democratization, 23(6): 969971.Google Scholar
Ishiyama, J. (2019), ‘Identity Change and Rebel Party Political Success’, Government and Opposition: An International Journal of Comparative Politics, 54 (this issue), doi: 10.1017/gov.2018.48.Google Scholar
Ishiyama, J. and Batta, A. (2011), ‘Swords into Plowshares: The Organizational Transformation of Rebel Groups into Political Parties’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 44(4): 369379.Google Scholar
Ishiyama, J. and Marshall, M. (2017), ‘What Explains Former Rebel Party Name Changes after a Civil Conflict Ends? External and Internal Factors and the Transition to Political Competition’, Party Politics, 23(4): 364375.Google Scholar
Jo, H. (2015), Compliant Rebels: Rebel Groups and International Law in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Kalyvas, S.N. (1996), The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).Google Scholar
Kasfir, N. (2005), ‘Guerillas and Civilian Participation: The National Resistance Army in Uganda, 1981–86’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 43(2): 271296.Google Scholar
Knight, K. (2006), ‘Transformations of the Concept of Ideology in the Twentieth Century’, American Political Science Review, 100(4): 619626.Google Scholar
Lecocq, B. (2004), ‘Unemployed Intellectuals in the Sahara: The Teshumara Nationalist Movement and the Revolutions in Tuareg Society’, International Review of Social History, 49(S12): 87109.Google Scholar
Lyons, T. (2005), Demilitarizing Politics. Elections on the Uncertain Road to Peace (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner).Google Scholar
Lyons, T. (2016a), ‘The Importance of Winning: Victorious Insurgent Groups and Authoritarian Politics’, Comparative Politics, 48(2): 167184.Google Scholar
Lyons, T. (2016b), ‘Victorious Rebels and Postwar Politics’, Civil Wars, 18(2): 160174.Google Scholar
Løvlie, F. (2013), ‘Explaining Hamas’s Changing Electoral Strategy: 1996–2006’, Government and Opposition: An International Journal of Comparative Politics, 48(4): 570593.Google Scholar
Mair, P. (1984), ‘Recent Writings on Irish Politics’, West European Politics, 7(1): 128134.Google Scholar
Mampilly, Z.C. (2011), Rebel Rulers: Insurgent Governance and Civilian Life During War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).Google Scholar
Manning, C. (2008), The Making of Democrats: Elections and Party Development in Postwar Bosnia, El Salvador and Mozambique (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan).Google Scholar
Manning, C. and Smith, I. (2019), ‘Electoral Performance by Post-Rebel Parties’, Government and Opposition: An International Journal of Comparative Politics, 54 (this issue), doi: 10.1017/gov.2018.34.Google Scholar
Marshall, M.C. and Ishiyama, J. (2016), ‘Does Political Inclusion of Rebel Parties Promote Peace after Civil Conflict?’, Democratization, 23(6): 10091025.Google Scholar
Maynard, J.L. (2013), ‘A Map of the Field of Ideological Analysis’, Journal of Political Ideologies, 18(3): 299327.Google Scholar
McClintock, C. (1984), ‘Why Peasants Rebel: The Case of Peru’s Sendero Luminoso’, World Politics, 37(1): 4884.Google Scholar
Metsola, L. and Melber, H. (2007), ‘Namibia’s Pariah Heroes: Swapo Ex-Combatants between Liberation Gospel and Security Interests’, in L. Buur, S. Jensen and F. Stepputat (eds), The Security–Development Nexus: Expressions of Sovereignty and Securitization in Southern Africa (Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute): 85106.Google Scholar
Mullins, W.A. (1972), ‘On the Concept of Ideology in Political Science’, American Political Science Review, 66(2): 478510.Google Scholar
Nafziger, E.W., Stewart, F. and Väyrynen, R. (2000) (eds), War, Hunger, and Displacement: The Origins of Humanitarian Emergencies (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Özcelik, B. (2019), ‘Explaining the Kurdish Democratic Union Party’s Self-Governance Practices in Northern Syria (2012–18)’, Government and Opposition: An International Journal of Comparative Politics, forthcoming.Google Scholar
Pearce, J. (2018), ‘From Rebellion to Opposition: UNITA’s Social Engagement in Post-War Angola’, Government and Opposition: An International Journal of Comparative Politics, published early online November, doi: 10.1017/gov.2018.36.Google Scholar
Posner, D. (2005), Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Putnam, R. (1971), ‘Studying Elite Political Culture: The Case of Ideology’, American Political Science Review, 65(3): 651681.Google Scholar
Randall, V. and Svåsand, L. (2002a), ‘Introduction: The Contribution of Parties to Democracy and Democratic Consolidation’, Democratization, 9(3): 110.Google Scholar
Randall, V. and Svåsand, L. (2002b), ‘Party Institutionalization in New Democracies’, Party Politics, 8(1): 529.Google Scholar
Reilly, B. (2006), ‘Political Engineering and Party Politics in Conflict-Prone Societies’, Democratization, 13(5): 811827.Google Scholar
Reno, W. (2011), Warfare in Independent Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Reyntjens, F. (2016), ‘(Re-)imagining a Reluctant Post-Genocide Society: The Rwandan Patriotic Front’s Ideology and Practice’, Journal of Genocide Research, 18(1): 6181.Google Scholar
Ron, J. (2001), ‘Ideology in Context: Explaining Sendero Luminoso’s Tactical Escalation’, Journal of Peace Research, 38(5): 569592.Google Scholar
Salih, M.A. (2003), African Political Parties: Institutionalisation and Governance (London: Pluto Press).Google Scholar
Sanín, F.G. and Wood, E.J. (2014), ‘Ideology in Civil War: Instrumental Adoption and Beyond’, Journal of Peace Research, 51(2): 213226.Google Scholar
Sartori, G. (1969), ‘Politics, Ideology, and Belief Systems’, American Political Science Review, 63(2): 398411.Google Scholar
Schwedler, J. (2007), ‘Democratization, Inclusion and the Moderation of Islamist Parties’, Development, 50(1): 5661.Google Scholar
Sindre, G.M. (2016a), ‘In Whose Interests? Former Rebel Parties and Ex-Combatant Interest Group Mobilisation in Aceh and East Timor’, Civil Wars, 18(2): 192213.Google Scholar
Sindre, G.M. (2016b), ‘Internal Party Democracy in Former Rebel Parties’, Party Politics, 22(4): 501511.Google Scholar
Sindre, G.M. (2018), ‘From Secessionism to Regionalism: Intra-Organizational Conflict and Ideological Moderation within Armed Secessionist Movements’, Political Geography, 64(May): 2332.Google Scholar
Sindre, G.M. (2019), ‘Adapting to Peacetime Politics? Rebranding and Ideological Change in Former Rebel Parties’, Government and Opposition: An International Journal of Comparative Politics, 54 (this issue), doi: 10.1017/gov.2018.49.Google Scholar
Sindre, G.M. and Söderström, J. (2016), ‘Understanding Armed Groups and Party Politics’, Civil Wars, 18(2), 109117.Google Scholar
Söderberg Kovacs, M. (2019), ‘The Legacy of a Revolution that Never Happened: The Post-War Politics of Former Rebel Party RUFP in Sierra Leone’, Government and Opposition: An International Journal of Comparative Politics, forthcoming.Google Scholar
Sprenkels, R. (2019), ‘Ambivalent Moderation: The FMLN’s Ideological Accommodation to Post-War Politics in El Salvador’, Government and Opposition: An International Journal of Comparative Politics, 54 (this issue), doi: 10.1017/gov.2018.37.Google Scholar
Straus, S. (2015), Making and Unmaking Nations: War, Leadership, and Genocide in Modern Africa (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).Google Scholar
Sukyens, B. (2015), ‘Comparing Rebel Rule through Revolutions and Naturalizations: Ideologies of Governance in Naxalie and Naga India’, in A. Arjona, Z. Mampilly and N. Kasfir (eds), Rebel Governance in Civil War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 138157.Google Scholar
Thaler, K.M. (2012), ‘Ideology and Violence in Civil Wars: Theory and Evidence from Mozambique and Angola’, Civil Wars, 14(4): 546567.Google Scholar
Tezcür, G.M. (2010), ‘The Moderation Theory Revisited: The Case of Islamic Political Actors’, Party Politics, 16(1): 6988.Google Scholar
Ufen, A. (2008), ‘Political Party and Party System Institutionalization in Southeast Asia: Lessons for Democratic Consolidation in Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand’, Pacific Review, 21(3): 327350.Google Scholar
Ugarriza, J. and Craig, M.J. (2013), ‘The Relevance of Ideology to Contemporary Armed Conflicts: A Quantitative Analysis of Former Combatants in Colombia’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 57(3): 445477.Google Scholar
Weinstein, J.M. (2007), Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Whiting, M. (2018), ‘Moderation without Change: The Strategic Transformation of Sinn Féin and the IRA in Northern Ireland’, Government and Opposition: An International Journal of Comparative Politics, 53(2): 288311.Google Scholar
Wickham, C.R. (2004), ‘The Path to Moderation: Strategy and Learning in the Formation of Egypt’s Wasat Party’, Comparative Politics, 36(2): 205228.Google Scholar
Wilson, A. (2016), Sovereignty in Exile: A Saharan Liberation Movement Governs (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press).Google Scholar
Wilson, A. (2019), ‘Ambiguities of Radicalism After Insurgents Become Rulers: Conflicting Pressures on Revolutionary State Power in Western Sahara’s Liberation Movement’, Government and Opposition: An International Journal of Comparative Politics, published early online, doi: 10.1017/gov.2018.50.Google Scholar
Young, C. (1982), Ideology and Development in Africa (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).Google Scholar