Navies and Foreign Policy

¹ For a good recent treatment of perception in foreign policy making, and a survey of the literature, see the book by Jervis, Robert, Perception and misperception in international politics (Princeton, 1976).

² Luttwak, Edward N., The political uses of sea power (Johns Hopkins U.P., 1974). MccGwire, Michael (ed.), Soviet naval developments: capability and context (New York, 1973). MccGwire, Michael, Booth, Ken, McDonnell, John (eds.), Soviet naval policy: objectives and constraints (New York, 1975). Cable, James, Gunboat diplomacy (London, 1971). Martin, L. W., The sea in modern strategy (London, 1967).

³ Booth, , Navies, pp. 224, 159.

⁴ Allison, G. T., ‘Conceptual models and the Cuban missile crisis’, American Political Science Review, LXIII (09, 1969), 690. Later expanded into a book, Essence of decision, explaining the Cuban missile crisis (Boston, 1971) . For a different approach to the same problem see the interesting book, apparently unused by Booth, by Steinbruner, John, Cybernetic decision-making (Princeton, 1974). Booth, , Navies, p. 137.

⁵ Healy, David, The U.S. in Cuba, 1898–1902: generals, politicians, and the search for policy (Wisconsin, 1963), and U.S. expansionism; the imperialist urge in the 1890s (Wisconsin, 1970).

⁶ Dull, , The French navy, p. 109.

⁷ Moulton, J. L., ‘Convulsive war and prolonged confrontation’, Brassey's Annual (1970), p. 134.

⁸ Booth, , Navies, pp. 218 ff., Dull, , The French navy, pp. 20, 102.

⁹ Allison, , ‘Conceptual models’, pp. 716, 709. Bowler, R. Arthur, Logistics and the failure of the British army in America, 1775–1783, (Princeton, 1975), p. viii. Such shortages of information are of course not only limited to Britain. For Brandenburg-Prussia, for example, one may cite that standard work by Rosenberg, Hans, Bureaucracy, aristocracy and autocracy. The Prussian experience 1660–1815 (Boston, 1966), pp. 57 ff.

¹⁰ Dull, , The French navy, pp. 255–6.

¹¹ Mackesy, Piers, The war for America, 1775–1783 (London, 1964), p. 169.

¹² Dull, , The French navy, pp. 98, 121–2, 133.

¹³ Archives Nationales, B⁴132 (marine), pp. 29^b–30^a.

¹⁴ Dull, , The French navy, p. 151.

¹⁵ Booth fully admits this effect: Navies, p. 138.