Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T06:40:31.334Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Egyptian “Brain Drain”: A Multidimensional Problem

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2009

Nazih Ayubi
Affiliation:
University of Exeter, England

Extract

Traditionally renowned for their dislike of settling outside their own country, the Egyptians started to become active emigrants in the early sixties. In noting this fact we do not, of course, mean to imply that Egyptian emigration has never taken place. There are reports that quite a few peasants emigrated from Egypt to the Levant to escape from Muhammad 'Ali's tyranny in the nineteenth century, while more recently, several thousand Egyptians emigrated around the period of the First World War to Iraq, Turkey, Greece, and France.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1983

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abul-Hasan, A. 'Abd al-Rahman, “Al-misriyyun ft al-kharij wa mudda-kharatuhum” (Egyptians Abroad and their Savings), Al-Ahram al-lqtisadi, no. 566, 15 03 1979.Google Scholar
Administrative Control Authority (ACA), Awjuh al-qusur w'al-khalal fi aI-jihaz al-idari li al-dawla (Shortcomings and Deficiencies in the State Administrative Machinery) (Cairo: 1977), Vol. I and Vol. II, Part 2.Google Scholar
Arab Republic of Egypt, Dustur jumhuriyya: misr al-'arabiyya (The Constitution…) (Cairo: Ministry of Information, 1971).Google Scholar
Askari, Hossein and Cummings, John T., “The Middle East and the United States: A Problem of ‘Brain Drain,’” International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 8, no. 1 (01 1977).Google Scholar
Ayubi, Nazīh N. M., Bureaucracy and Politics in Contemporary Egypt (London: Ithaca Press, 1980).Google Scholar
Ayubi, Nazīh N. M., “Implementation Capability and Political Feasibility of the ‘Open Door’ Policy in Egypt,” in Kerr, M. H. and Yassin, E. S., eds., Rich and Poor States in the Middle East (Boulder: Westview Press, 1982).Google Scholar
Ayubi, Nazīh N. M., Siyasat al-ta'lim… (The Policy of Education in Egypt) (Cairo: Centre for Political and Strategic Studies, 1978).Google Scholar
Bhagwati, J. N., “Taxing the Brain Drain,” Challenge, July–August 1976.Google Scholar
Barsum, Khalil, Mashakil takhtit al-quwa al-'amila (Problems of Manpower Planning) (Cairo: Kitab al-'Amal, 07 1979).Google Scholar
Al-Basyuni, Amira, “Waqi' quwwat al-'amal…”(Status of the Labour Force and its Relation to Production and Productivity in Egypt), in The Egyptian Society for Financial Management, Conference on Production and Development Issues in Egypt (Cairo: 01 1980).Google Scholar
Birks, J. S. and Sinclair, C. A., “Egypt: A Frustrated Labor Exporter?Middle East Journal, Vol. 33, no. 3 (Summer 1979).Google Scholar
Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS), “Al-Malamih al-ra'isiyya li mujtama' al-kharrijin” (The Main Characteristics of the Graduate Community), Al-Ta'bi'a al-'Amma w'al-ihsa', various issues from 1968 to 1971.Google Scholar
Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS),Nata'ij al-ti-'dad al-'amm… (Results of the General Census of Population and Housing of November 1976), Al-Ahram al-Iqtisadi, Supplement, 1 May 1977.Google Scholar
Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS), “Qiyas al-kifayat w'al-buhuth al-'ilmiyya” (Measurement of Scientific Qualifications and Research), Al- Ta 'bi'a al-'amma w'al-ihsa', January 1971.Google Scholar
Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS), Tawzi' ijmali al-muhajirin (The Distribution of Emigrants) (Cairo: 1972).Google Scholar
Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS), Statistical Yearbook, various issues.Google Scholar
Choucri, Nazli, “The New Migration in the Middle East: A Problem for Whom?International Migration Review, Vol. 11, no. 4(1977).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dessouki, Ali E. H., “The Shift in Egypt's Migration Policy, 1952–1978,” mimeo. (Cairo University/MIT Technology Planning Program, 1978).Google Scholar
Guha, Amalendu, “The Brain Drain Issue and Indicators on Brain Drain,” International Migration, Vol. XV, no. 1(1977).Google Scholar
Halliday, Fred, “Labor Migration in the Middle East,” MERIP Reports, Vol. 10, no. 56 (04 1977).Google Scholar
Ibrahim, Saad E., “Oil, Migration and the New Arab Social Order,” in Kerr, M. H. and Yassin, E. S., eds., Rich and Poor States in the Middle East (Boulder: Westview Press, 1982).Google Scholar
Khatkhate, D. R., “The Brain Drain as a Social Safety Valve,” Finance and Development, Vol. 7, no. 1 (03 1970).Google Scholar
Messiha, Suzanne A., The Export of Egyptian School Teachers, The Cairo Papers in Social Science, Vol. 3, Monograph 4 (Cairo: AUC, 04 1980).Google Scholar
Ministry of Education (Egypt), Nashrat al-ihsa' al-istiqrari (The Statistical Bulletin) (Cairo: 1977).Google Scholar
Ministry of Education (Egypt), Tatawwur al-ta'lim al-'amm… (Development of Public Education 1950/51 to 1976/77) (Cairo: 1977).Google Scholar
Ministry of Higher Education (Egypt), Directorate General of Educational Missions, “Tanzim ifad al-mab'uthin” (Organization of the Educational Missions Abroad), mimeo. (Cairo: 1979).Google Scholar
Ministry of Information (Egypt), The Yearbook 1977 (Cairo: c. 1978).Google Scholar
Ministry of the Interior (Egypt), Tarakhis wa tasarih a1-'amal (Work Licences and Permits) (Cairo: Dar al-Ta'awun, 1979).Google Scholar
Ministry of Planning (Egypt), The Five Year Plan 1978–1982, Vol. 1, The General Strategy for Economic and Social Development (Cairo: 1977).Google Scholar
Mohie-Eldin, Amr and Omar, A., “The Emigration of Universities' Academic Staff,” mimeo. (Cairo University/MIT Technology Planning Program, 1978).Google Scholar
Moore, C. H., Images of Development: Egyptian Engineers in Search of Industry (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1980).Google Scholar
National Specialized Councils (Egypt), Al-Ta'lim al-fanni… (Technical Education and its Role in Manpower Formation) (Cairo: Al-Markaz al-'Arabi, 1980).Google Scholar
AI-Qazzaz, Ayad, Transnational Links Between the Arab Community in the U.S. and the Arab World (Sacramento, Calif.: Cal. Central Press, 1979).Google Scholar
Sabagh, Georges, “Migration and Social Mobility in Egypt,” in Kerr, M. H. and Yassin, E. S., eds., Rich and Poor States in the Middle East (Boulder: Westview Press, 1982).Google Scholar
Saleh, Saneya, The Brain Drain in Egypt, The Cairo Papers in Social Science, Vol. 2, Monograph 5 (Cairo: AUC, 05 1979).Google Scholar
Shafiq, Muhammad M., “The Emigration of Egyptian University Professors,” Ph.D. thesis, Sociology Department, 'Ain Shams University, 19811982.Google Scholar
Al-Ahram, 12 09 1971; 22 02 1973; 27 07 1976; 9 02 1979; 31 12 1980; 3 01 1981.Google Scholar
Al-Ahram al-Iqlisadi, 15 June 1969; 12 February 1976.Google Scholar
Al-Akhbar, 11 May 1978.Google Scholar
Akhbar al-Yaum, 21 July 1979; 8 September 1979.Google Scholar
Al-Jumhuriyya, 13 April 1979; 30 August 1979; 6 September 1979.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Musawwar, 8 October 1982.Google Scholar
Al-Tali'a, July 1970; April 1973.Google Scholar
Al-'ummal, 7 January 1980.Google Scholar