Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Home
Hostname: page-component-ffbbcc459-8fjtn Total loading time: 0.368 Render date: 2022-03-08T22:02:51.984Z Has data issue: true Feature Flags: { "shouldUseShareProductTool": true, "shouldUseHypothesis": true, "isUnsiloEnabled": true, "useRatesEcommerce": false, "useNewApi": true }
  • English
International Psychogeriatrics International Psychogeriatrics

Article contents

Measurement invariance across educational levels and gender in 12-item Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) on caregivers of people with dementia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 August 2017

Chung-Ying Lin Open the ORCID record for Chung-Ying Lin[Opens in a new window] ,
Li-Jung Elizabeth Ku  and
Amir H. Pakpour
Chung-Ying Lin*
Affiliation:
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
Li-Jung Elizabeth Ku
Affiliation:
Department of Public Health, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
Amir H. Pakpour
Affiliation:
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: C.-Y. Lin, PhD, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong. Phone: +852-2766-6755; Fax: +852-2764-1435. Email: cylin36933@gmail.com.
Get access Rights & Permissions[Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background:

The Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) is a commonly used self-report to assess caregiver burden. A 12-item short form of the ZBI has been developed; however, its measurement invariance has not been examined across some different demographics. It is unclear whether different genders and educational levels of a population interpret the ZBI items similarly. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the measurement invariance of the 12-item ZBI across gender and educational levels in a Taiwanese sample.

Methods:

Caregivers who had a family member with dementia (n = 270) completed the ZBI through telephone interviews. Three confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models were conducted: Model 1 was the configural model, Model 2 constrained all factor loadings, Model 3 constrained all factor loadings and item intercepts. Multiple group CFAs and the differential item functioning (DIF) contrast under Rasch analyses were used to detect measurement invariance across males (n = 100) and females (n = 170) and across educational levels of junior high schools and below (n = 86) and senior high schools and above (n = 183).

Results:

The fit index differences between models supported the measurement invariance across gender and across educational levels (∆ comparative fit index (CFI) = −0.010 and 0.003; ∆ root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = −0.006 to 0.004). No substantial DIF contrast was found across gender and educational levels (value = −0.36 to 0.29).

Conclusions:

The ZBI is appropriate for combined use and for comparisons in caregivers across gender and different educational levels in Taiwan.

Keywords

burdencaregivingdementiagendereducationmeasurement invariance
Type
Research Article
Information
International Psychogeriatrics , Volume 29 , Issue 11 , November 2017 , pp. 1841 - 1848
Copyright
Copyright © International Psychogeriatric Association 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ankri, J., Andrieu, S., Beaufils, B., Grand, A. and Henrard, J. C. (2005). Beyond the global score of the Zarit Burden Interview: useful dimensions for clinicians. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20, 254–260. doi:10.1002/gps.1275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bagheri, Z., Jafari, P., Tashakor, E., Kouhpayeh, A. and Riazi, H. (2014). Assessing whether measurement invariance of the KIDSCREEN-27 across child-parent dyad depends on the child gender: a multiple group confirmatory factor analysis. Global Journal of Health Science, 6, 142–153. doi:10.5539/gjhs.v6n5p142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballesteros, J., Santos, B., González-Fraile, E., Muñoz-Hermoso, P., Domínguez-Panchón, A. I. and Martín-Carrasco, M. (2012). Unidimensional 12-item Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview for the assessment of dementia caregivers' burden obtained by item response theory. Value in Health, 15, 1141–1147. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2012.07.005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bédard, M., Molloy, D. W., Squire, L., Dubois, S., Lever, J. A. and O'Donnell, M. (2001). The Zarit Burden Interview: a new short version and screening version. Gerontologist, 41, 652–657. doi:10.1093/geront/41.5.652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Branger, C., O'Connell, M. E. and Morgan, D. G. (2014). Factor analysis of the 12-item Zarit Burden Interview in caregivers of persons diagnosed with dementia. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 35, 489–507. doi:10.1177/0733464813520222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, K.-C., Wang, J.-D., Tang, H.-P., Cheng, C.-M. and Lin, C.-Y. (2014). Psychometric evaluation, using Rasch analysis, of the WHOQOL-BREF in heroin-dependent people undergoing methadone maintenance treatment: further item validation. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 12, 148. doi:10.1186/s12955-014-0148-6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 464–504. doi:10.1080/10705510701301834.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, F. F., Sousa, K. H. and West, S. G. (2005). Teacher's Corner: testing measurement invariance of second-order factor models. Structural Equation Modeling, 12, 471–492. doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1203_7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, S.-T., Kwok, T. and Lam, L. C. W. (2014). Dimensionality of burden in Alzheimer caregivers: confirmatory factor analysis and correlates of the Zarit Burden interview. International Psychogeriatrics, 26, 1455–1463. doi:10.1017/S104161021400101X.Google Scholar
Douzenis, A. (2008). Dementia in the general hospital. Annals of General Psychiatry, 7, S21. doi:10.1186/1744-859X-7-S1-S21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenwood, N., Habibi, R. and Mackenzie, A. (2012). Respite: carers’ experiences and perceptions of respite at home. BMC Geriatrics, 12, 42. doi:10.1186/1471-2318-12-42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gregorich, S. E. (2006). Do self-report instruments allow meaningful comparisons across diverse population groups? Testing measurement invariance using the confirmatory factor analysis framework. Medical Care, 44, S78–S94. doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000245454.12228.8f.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayden, M. F. and Heller, T. (1997). Support, problem-solving/coping ability, and personal burden of younger and older caregivers of adults with mental retardation. Mental Retardation, 35, 364–372. doi:10.1352/0047-6765(1997)035<0364:SPAAPB>2.0.CO;2.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jafari, P., Bagheri, Z. and Safe, M. (2012a). Item and response-category functioning of the Persian version of the KIDSCREEN-27: Rasch partial credit model. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 10, 127. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-10-127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jafari, P., Bagheri, Z., Ayatollahi, S. M. T. and Soltani, Z. (2012b). Using Rasch rating scale model to reassess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales in school children. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 10, 27. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-10-27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jafari, P., Sharafi, Z., Bagheri, Z. and Shalileh, S. (2014). Measurement equivalence of the KINDL questionnaire across child self-reports and parent proxy-reports: a comparison between item response theory and ordinal logistic regression. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 45, 369–376. doi:10.1007/s10578-013-0407-5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahn, P. V., Wishart, H. A., Randolph, J. S. and Santulli, R. B. (2016). Caregiver stigma and burden in memory disorders: an evaluation of the effects of caregiver type and gender. Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research, 2016, Article ID 8316045. doi:10.1155/2016/8316045.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khan, A., Chien, C.-W. and Brauer, S. G. (2013). Rasch-based scoring offered more precision in differentiating patient groups in measuring upper limb function. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 66, 681–687. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.12.014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ko, K.-T., Yip, P.-K., Liu, S.-I. and Huang, C.-R. (2008). Chinese version of the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview: a validation study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 513–518. doi:10.1097/JGP.0b013e318167ae5b.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lai, D. W. L. (2012). Effect of financial costs on caregiving burden of family caregivers of older adults. Sage Open, 1–14. doi:10.1177/2158244012470467.Google Scholar
Lau, S., Chong, M. S., Ali, N. Chan, M., Chua, K. C. and Lim, W. S. (2015). Caregiver burden: looking beyond the unidimensional total score. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 29, 338–346. doi:10.1097/WAD.0000000000000085.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lim, W. S. et al. (2014). Worry about performance: a unique dimension of caregiver burden. International Psychogeriatrics, 26, 677–686. doi:10.1017/S1041610213002445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, C.-Y., Li, Y.-P., Lin, S.-I. and Chen, C.-H. (2016). Measurement equivalence across gender and education in the WHOQOL-BREF for community-dwelling elderly Taiwanese. International Psychogeriatrics, 28, 1375–1382. doi:10.1017/S1041610216000594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, C.-Y., Wang, J.-D., Pai, M.-C. and Ku, L.-J. E. (2017). Measuring burden in dementia caregivers: confirmatory factor analysis for short forms of the Zarit Burden Interview. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 68, 8–13. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2016.08.005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, C.-Y., Yang, S.-C., Lai, W.-W., Su, W.-C. and Wang, J.-D. (2017). Rasch models suggested the satisfactory psychometric properties of the WHOQOL-BREF among lung cancer patients. Journal of Health Psychology, 22, 397–408. doi:10.1177/1359105315603474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longmire, C. V. and Knight, B. G. (2011). Confirmatory factor analysis of a brief version of the Zarit Burden Interview in Black and White dementia caregivers. Gerontologist, 51, 453–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcotte, T. D. and Grant, I. (2010). Neuropsychology of Everyday Functioning. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Parekh, N. K. et al. (2016). Effects of caregiver burden on quality of life and coping strategies utilized by caregivers of adult patients with inflammatory bowel. Annals of Gastroenterology, 29, 1–7.Google Scholar
Schreiner, A. S., Morimoto, T., Arai, Y. and Zarit, S. (2006). Assessing family caregiver's mental health using a statistically derived cut-off score for the Zarit Burden Interview. Aging and Mental Health, 10, 107–111. doi:10.1080/13607860500312142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shih, C.-L. and Wang, W.-C. (2009). Differential item functioning detection using the multiple indicators, multiple causes method with a pure short anchor. Applied Psychological Measurement, 33, 184–199. doi:10.1177/0146621608321758.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9
Cited by

Send article to Kindle

To send this article to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about sending to your Kindle. Find out more about sending to your Kindle.

Note you can select to send to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be sent to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Measurement invariance across educational levels and gender in 12-item Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) on caregivers of people with dementia
Available formats
×

Send article to Dropbox

To send this article to your Dropbox account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your <service> account. Find out more about sending content to Dropbox.

Measurement invariance across educational levels and gender in 12-item Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) on caregivers of people with dementia
Available formats
×

Send article to Google Drive

To send this article to your Google Drive account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your <service> account. Find out more about sending content to Google Drive.

Measurement invariance across educational levels and gender in 12-item Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) on caregivers of people with dementia
Available formats
×
×

Reply to: Submit a response

Please enter your response.

Your details

Please enter a valid email address.

Conflicting interests

Do you have any conflicting interests? *