¹ Braudel, F., “En guise de conclusion”, Review, 1 (1978), p. 245.Google Scholar

² Braudel, F., La Méditerranée (Paris, 1949).Google Scholar

³ Le Goff, J. (ed.), La nouvelle histoire (Paris, 1978).Google Scholar

⁴ Faire de l'histoire, Le Goff, J. and Nora, P. (eds), 3 vols (Paris, 1974).Google Scholar

⁵ Among the pioneering studies: Le Roy Ladurie, E., Histoire du climat depuis l'an mil (Paris, 1967)Google Scholar; Ariès, P., L'enfance et la vie familiale sous l'ancien régime (Paris, 1961)Google Scholar; Foucault, M., Histoire de la folie (Paris, 1961)Google Scholar; Ariès, P., L'homme devant la mort (Paris, 1977)Google Scholar; Le Goff, J., “Les rêves dans la culture de l'occident médiéval”, in his Pour un autre Moyen Age (Paris, 1977)Google Scholar; Schmitt, J.-C. (ed.), Gestures: History and Anthropology, 1 (1984)Google Scholar, and Nora, P. (ed.), Les lieux de mémoire (Paris, 1984–, in progress).Google Scholar

⁶ Ariès, P., Un historien de dimanche (Paris, 1980).Google Scholar

⁷ Merquior, J. G., Foucault (London, 1985), pp. 39f.Google Scholar, and Jay, M., “In the Empire of the Gaze”, in Hoy, D. C. (ed.), Foucault: a Critical Reader (Oxford, 1986), pp. 181f.Google Scholar

⁸ Gurevich, A., “Wealth and Gift-Bestowal among the ancient Scandinavians”, Scandinavia, 1 (1968), pp. 126–138Google Scholar; Thomas, K. V., Religion and the Decline of Magic (London, 1971)Google Scholar; Hastrup, K., Culture and History in Medieval Iceland (Oxford, 1985)Google Scholar; Blok, A., The Mafia of an Italian Village (Oxford, 1974)Google Scholar, and Frykman, J. and Löfgren, O., Culture Builders (New Brunswick, 1987).Google Scholar

⁹ Cipolla, C., Cristofano and the Plague (London, 1973)Google Scholar, an early contribution which seems to have gone unappreciated from this point of view; Ginzburg, C., II formaggio e i vermi (Torino, 1976).Google Scholar The term “micro-history (microstoria) seems to have been an Italian coinage of the 1970s, when it was used to introduce a series published by Einaudi.

¹⁰ Henry, L., Anciennes familles genevoises (Paris, 1956)Google Scholar; Marczewski, J. V., Introduction à l'histoire quantitative (Geneva, 1965)Google Scholar, and Chaunu, P., Séville et l'Atlantique, 12 vols (Paris, 1955–1960).Google Scholar

¹¹ Chaunu, P., “L'histoire quantitatif au troisième niveau”, in Hommage à Fernand Braudel (Toulouse, 1973)Google Scholar; Vovelle, M., Piété baroque et déchristianisation (Paris, 1973)Google Scholar, and Furet, F. and Ozouf, J., Lire et écrire (Paris, 1977).Google Scholar

¹² Fogel, R. W. and Engermann, S. L., Time on the Cross (Boston, 1974).Google Scholar

¹³ Blondel, C., La psychanalyse (Paris, 1924).Google Scholar For the American approach, Erikson, E., Young Man Luther (New York, 1958)Google Scholar; Mazlish, B. (ed.), Psychoanalysis and History (Englewood Cliffs, 1965)Google Scholar, and Gay, P., Freud for Historians (New York, 1985).Google Scholar

¹⁴ Elias, N., “Zum Begriff des Alltags”, in Hammerich, and Klein, (eds), Materialien zur Soziologie des Alltags, (but cf. his Über den Prozess der Zivilisation), 2 vols (Basel, 1939)Google Scholar, Lefebvre, H., Critique de la vie quotidienne, 3 vols (Paris, 1946–1981)Google Scholar, and Lotman, J., “The Poetics of Everyday Behaviour in 18th-century Russian Culture”, in Lotman, J. and Uspenskii, B. A. (eds), The Semiotics of Russian Culture (Ann Arbor, MI, 1984), pp. 231–256.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Wyrobisz, A., “Storia della cultura materiale in Polonia”, Studi Storici, 15 (1974), pp. 164–173Google Scholar, and Pesez, J. M., “Histoire de la culture matérielle”Google Scholar, in Goff, Le, La nouvelle histoire, pp. 98–130.Google Scholar

¹⁶ de Planhol, X., “Historical Geography in France” in Baker, A. R. H. (ed.), Progress in Historical Geography (Newton Abbot, 1972), pp. 29–44.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Annales de Géographie, 1, p. iii.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Sorre, M., Les pyrénées (Paris, 1913)Google Scholar, and Cvijic, J., La péninsule balkanique (Paris, 1918).Google ScholarBraudel acknowledges the importance of Vidal (1966, p. 543).Google Scholar

¹⁹ Ratzel, F., Anthropogeographie, 2 vols (1882–1891)Google Scholar, Politische Geographie (1897)Google Scholar, especially ch. 13 on empires and eh. 21 on islands. Ehrenberg, V., Der Griechische und der Hellenistische Staat (Leipzig and Berlin, 1932), pp. 60, 101.Google Scholar

²⁰ Braudel, F., La Méditerranée (Paris, 1949), p. 1125Google Scholar, and Pirenne, H., Mahomet et Charlemagne (Paris, Brussels, 1937).Google Scholar

²¹ Wiebe, G., Zur Geschichte der Preisrevolution des XVI. and XVII. Jahrhunderts (Leipzig, 1895).Google Scholar

²² Curtius, E. R., Europäische Literatur und Lateinisches MittelalterGoogle Scholar, a book dedicated to Warburg, cited by Braudel, F. “Histoire et sciences sociales” (1958)Google Scholar, reprinted in his Ecrits sur l'histoire (Paris, 1969), p. 51nGoogle Scholar; Warburg, A., Gesammelte Schriften, 2 vols (Leipzig, 1932).Google Scholar

²³ Maitland, F. W., Domesday Book and BeyondGoogle Scholar; Bloch remarked “combien il est regrettable que l'oeuvre de ce grand esprit que fut F. W. Maitland soit trop peu lue en France” (“Mémoire collective”, Revue de Synthèse Historique, 40 (1925), p. 81n).Google ScholarSeebohm, F., The English Village Community (London, 1883)Google Scholar, and Fustel de Coulanges, N. D., La cité antique (Paris, 1864).Google Scholar

²⁴ Pirenne, H., “De la méthode comparative en histoire”, Cinquième Congrès International des Sciences Historiques (Brussels, 1923), pp. 19–32.Google Scholar

²⁵ Sewell, W. H., “Marc Bloch and the Logic of Comparative History”, History and Theory, 6 (1967), pp. 208–218CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rhodes, R. C., “Emile Durkheim and the Historical Thought of Marc Bloch”, Theory and Society, 5 (1978), pp. 45–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Walker, L. D., “A Note on Historical Linguistics and Marc Bloch's Comparative Method”, History and Theory, 19 (1980), pp. 154–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar The Durkheim quotation is from the preface to the first volume of the Année Sociologique (1896–1897).Google Scholar

²⁶ Despite Maurice Halbwachs' article on Weber in the first volume of Annales, his ideas do not seem to have interested Bloch or Febvre. On Febvre's lack of interest in Weber, Braudel, F., Les jeux de l'échange (Paris, 1979), p. 506Google Scholar, contradicting Braudel, F., “Lucien Febvre et l'histoire”, Cahiers internationaux de sociologie, 22 (1957), p. 17.Google Scholar On Hintze (1861–1940), see Gilbert's, F. introduction to The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze (New York, 1975), pp. 3–30.Google Scholar

²⁷ On the aims of the Institute, Slang, F., Four Introductory lectures (Oslo, 1925).Google Scholar

²⁸ On Berr, Siegel, M., “Henri Berr's Revue de Synthèse Historique”, History and Theory, 9 (1970), pp. 322–334CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Keylor, W., Academy and Community (Cambridge, MA, 1975), ch. 8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁹ Robinson, J. H., The New History (1912)Google Scholar on him, Hendricks, L. V., J. H. Robinson (New York, 1946)Google Scholar, and Barnes, H. E., The New History and the Social Studies (New York, 1925)Google Scholar: note the references to Ratzel and Febvre in the chapter on geography.

³⁰ Lovejoy, A. O., Essays in the History of Ideas (Baltimore, 1948).Google Scholar

³¹ Huizinga, J., Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen (Groningen, 1919)Google Scholar, Febvre, L., “Sensibilité et histoire”, Annales d'histoire sociale, 3 (1941).Google Scholar But cf. Taylor, H. O., The Medieval Mind, 2 vols (London, 1911)Google Scholar, subtitled “A history of the development of thought and emotion”.

³² Bulhof, I. N., “Johan Huizinga Ethnographer of the Past”, Clio, 4 (1975), pp. 201–224.Google Scholar

³³ Harrison, J. E., Themis: a Study of the Social origins of Greek Religion (Cambridge, 1903)Google Scholar, and Cornford, F. M., Thucydides Mythistoricus (London, 1907).Google Scholar

³⁴ Cassirer, E., Sprache und Mythos (1925).Google Scholar

³⁵ Mauss's use of the term “mentalité” in 1906 has been registered by M. Carrithers, in Carrithers, M. et al. (eds), The Category of the Person (Cambridge, 1985), p. 38.Google Scholar

³⁶ Tawney, R. H., “The Study of Economic History”, Economica (1933), pp. 1–21.Google Scholar

³⁷ Namier, L. B., The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III (London, 1929).Google Scholar

³⁸ Simiand, F., “Méthode historique et science sociale”, Revue de Synthèse Historique (1903)Google Scholar, reprinted in Annales as an act of homage in 1961.

³⁹ Année Sociologique, 1 (1896–1897), p. v.Google Scholar Cf. Bellah, R. N., “Durkheim and History”, American Sociological Review, 24 (1959), pp. 447–461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴⁰ Febvre, L. in Annales (1933), p. 267.Google Scholar

⁴¹ In 1930, Febvre reviewed Henri Sée's study of historical materialism in Annales.

⁴² Koht, H., Norsk Bondereising (Oslo, 1926)Google Scholar; Romein, J., De Lage Landen bij de Zee (Utrecht, 1934)Google Scholar, and Kosminsky, E. A., Angliskaya Dereviya v xiii veke (Moscow, 1935).Google Scholar Mention should also be made of Jaurès, J., Histoire socialiste de la Révolution Française, 4 vols (1901–1903)Google Scholar, not so much because it was a professional piece of work but because of its influence on the young Lucien Febvre. Cf. Venturi, F., “Jaurès historien” (1948)Google Scholar, reprinted in his Historiens du xxe siècle (Geneva, 1966), pp. 5–70.Google Scholar

⁴³ Lamprecht, K., Deutsche Geschichte (second éd.) (Leipzig, 1894)Google Scholar, foreword, Moderne Geschichtswissenschaft (Leipzig, 1904).Google Scholar On Lamprecht, Weintraub, K. J., Visions of Culture (Chicago, 1966), ch. 4.Google ScholarLyon, B., “Marc Bloch: did he repudiate Annales history?”, Journal of Medieval History, 11 (1985), p. 183CrossRefGoogle Scholar, claims (with some exaggeration) that the ideas of Bloch and Febvre were largely those of Lamprecht. It is likely that they knew of Lamprecht's work through Henri Pirenne. The Durkheimians had long been aware of it; see Bougié's, C. account in Année Sociologique, 2 (1897–1898), pp. 139f.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Green, J. R., A Short History of the English People (London, 1874), preface.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Spencer, H., Essays on Education (first edn. 1861) (London, 1911), pp. 26f.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Comte, A., Cours de philosophie positive, 5 (Paris, 1864), Leçon 52, pp. 10–14.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Michelet, J., Oeuvres complètes, 4 (Paris, 1974), p. 8 (from a lecture of 1842).Google Scholar Cf. Burrows, T., “Their Patron Saint and Eponymous Hero: Jules Michelet and the Annales School”, Clio, 12 (1982–1983), pp. 67–82.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ I make this point at greater length in Burke, P., “Ranke the Reactionary”, Syracuse Scholar, 9 (1988), pp. 25–30.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Cf. Momigliano, A., “18th-Century Prelude to Mr Gibbon” in his Sesto Contributo (Rome, 1980), p. 249Google Scholar, citing the examples of D'Alembert and Anquetil-Duperron.

⁵⁰ Kames, Lord, Historical Law-Tracts (Edinburgh, 1758)Google Scholar, preface, and Millar, J., An Historical View of the English Government (London, 1787).Google Scholar

⁵¹ Montesquieu, , Espiri des Lois (Paris, 1744), Book 28, ch. 17.Google Scholar

⁵² Cf. Oestreich, G., “Die Fachhistorie und die Anfänge der sozialgeschichtlichen For schung in Deutschland”, Historische Zeitschrift, 208 (1969), pp. 320–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar