Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T23:38:25.482Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The impact of the 1641 rebellion upon England and Wales, 1641–5

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2016

Extract

The risings in Ulster in late October 1641 marked the climax of one of those key periods in Anglo-Irish history in which events in Ireland had a direct and crucial impact upon the course of events in England. For at least a year prior to the outbreak of the 1641 rebellion, there had been a complex interaction of English and Irish events which, to a significant extent, conditioned the English response to the news of the risings. Not only was thc Irish rebellion of central importance in helping to precipitate the armed confrontation of king and parliament, and in reinforcing party alignment, but sharp memories of the rebellion inay also have made some contribution to the final collapse of royalist fortunes. The great significancc of the 1641 rebellion in the escalation into civil war in England was recalled by Richard Baxter in his autobiography.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Irish Historical Studies Publications Ltd 1972

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Sylvester, Mathew (ed.), Reliquiae Baxterianae (London, 1696), pt I, pp 26–8. Google Scholar

2 Clarendon, , Rebellion, 1, 412.Google Scholar

3 Wedgwood, C. V., The great rebellion: the king’s war, 1641–47 (London, 1958), p. 77 Google Scholar; Lords’ jn., iv, 412; Commons’ jn. ii, 300, Coates, W. H. (ed.), The journal of Sir Simonds D’Ewes (Yale, 1942), p. 284.Google Scholar

4 Bloody newes from Ireland, or the barbarous crueltie by the papists used in that kingdome (London, 1641), passim.

5 Worse and worse newes from Ireland (London, 1641), passim.

6 No pamphlet, but a detestation against all such pamphlets as are printed, concerning the Irish rebellion, plainely demonstrating the fals-hood of them (London, 1642), passim. See also, Good and bad newes from Ireland: in a letter of credit from Youghall, not forged, as are most of pamphlets lately published (London, 1642), passim.

7 The petition of Philomy Oneale knight to parliament (London, 1642), pp 3–4.

8 Gardiner, , Eng. (1891 ed.) 10, 64–9Google Scholar; Read, J. M., ‘Atrocity propaganda and the Irish rebellion’ in The Public Opinion Quarterly (Apr, 1938), pp 231, 233–4Google Scholar; Coonan, T. L., The Irish catholic confederacy and the puritan revolution (Dublin, 1954), pp 112–15Google Scholar; Beckett, , Mod. Ire., p. 83 Google Scholar, Aylmer, G. E., The struggle for the constitution (London, 1965) P. III.Google Scholar

9 Quinn, D. B., Elizabethans and Irish, p. 26 Google Scholar; H.M.C, rep. 53, Montagu MSS, p. 135; A new remonstrance from Ireland: declaring the barbarous cruelty and inhumanity of the Irish rebels against the protestants there (London, 1642), p. 6.

10 Vicars, J., Jehovah-Jireh. or, Englands parliamentarie-chronicle (London, 1644–6), pt III, p. 69 Google Scholar, Sylvester, Mathew (ed.), Reliquiae Baxterianae, pt I, p. 28 Google Scholar; Clarendon, , Rebellion, 1, 397–8.Google Scholar

11 Clarendon, , Rebellion, 1, 439–40Google Scholar; Firth, C. H. (ed.), The memoirs of Edmund Ludlow (Oxford, 1894), 1, 21.Google Scholar

12 Clarendon, , The history of the rebellion and civil wars in Ireland (Dublin, 1719–20), p. 13 Google Scholar; id., Rebellion, i, 439–40, Vicars, J., Jehovah-Jireh, pt II, p. 74.Google Scholar

13 Wallington, N., Historical notices of events occurring chiefly in the reign of Charles I (London, 1869), 1, 300 Google Scholar; H.M.C, rep. 5, Cholmondeley MSS, p. 349; H.M.C, rep. 13, pt I, Portland MSS, p. 31.

14 Ormerod, G. (ed.), ‘Tracts relating to military proceedings in Lancashire during the great civil war’, in Chetham Society, old series, 2, 4 Google Scholar; Lords’ jn., v, 620.

15 Coates, W H. (ed.), The journal of Sir Simonds D’Ewes, p. 278 Google Scholar; Lords’ jn., v, 620; A brief e declaration of the barbarous and inhumane dealings of the northerne Irish rebels (London, 1641); Ratcliffe, S. C. and Johnson, H. C. (ed.), Warwickshire county records, vol. 2: quarter sessions order book, Michaelmas 1637 to Epiphany 1650 (Warwick, 1936), pp 119–20.Google Scholar

16 Dore, R. N., The civil wars in Cheshire (Chester, 1966), p. 13 Google Scholar; H.M.C, rep. 53, Montagu MSS, p. 146; H.M.C, rep. 5, Cholmondeley MSS, p. 349.

17 Commons’ jn., ii, 417; Ormerod, G. (ed.), ‘Tracts relating to military proceedings in Lancashire during the great civil war’, p. 4.Google Scholar

18 Rees, J. F., The story of Milford Haven (Cardiff, 1954), p. 9 Google Scholar; H.M.C, rep. 13, pt I, Portland MSS, p. 31; Commons’ jn., ii, 417

19 Commons’ jn., ii, 462.

20 Latimer, J., The annals of Bristol in the seventeenth century (Bristol, 1900), p. 155 Google Scholar; Coate, M., Cornwall in the great civil war and interregnum, 1642–1660 (Oxford, 1933), p. 29 Google Scholar; Harbin, E. H. Bates (ed.), ‘Quarter sessions records for the county of Somerset, vol. iii, Commonwealth, 1646–1660’, in Somerset Record Society, 28 (1912), pp 3, 115Google Scholar; H.M.C., various collections, i, ‘The records of quarter sessions in the county of Wiltshire’, p. 124; Lords’ jn., iv, 536, 590; ibid., ν, 55, 79; Commons’ jn., ii, 417,491,506,574.

21 P.R.O., S.P. dom. 19/80, f. 140; Commons’ jn., ii, 551, 831.

22 Commons’ jn., ii, 640.

23 Ratcliffe, S. C. and Johnson, H. C. (ed.), Warwickshire quarter sessions records, pp 119–21Google Scholar; Johnson, D. A. and Vaisey, D. G. (ed.), Staffordshire and the great rebellion (Stoke-on-Trent, 1964), pp 6–7Google Scholar; Lords’ jn., v, 227, 229; Commons’ jn., ii, 633, 683.

24 Wright, T. (ed.), The autobiography of Joseph Lister, of Bradford in Yorkshire (London, 1862), pp 6–8Google Scholar; Johnson, G. W. (ed.), The Fairfax correspondence (London, 1848), 2, 299.Google Scholar

25 Commons’ jn., ii, 574, 615, 629.

26 Redwood, B. C. (ed.), ‘Quarter sessions order book, 1642–49’ in Sussex Record Society, liv, 4, 18, 32, 69Google Scholar; Commons’ jn., ii, 977; ibid., iii, 202; Lords’ jn., v, 620.

27 Johnson, D. A. and Vaisey, D. G. (ed.), Staffordshire and the great rebellion, p. 6.Google Scholar

28 Ibid., pp 6–7.

29 Ibid., p. 7.

30 RatclifTe, S. C. and Johnson, H. C. (ed.), Warwickshire quarter sessions records, pp 119–21Google Scholar; Redwood, B. C. (ed.), Sussex quarter sessions records, pp 4, 18, 32, 69Google Scholar; Harbin, E. H. Bates (ed.), Somerset quarter sessions records, p. 3 Google Scholar; H.M.C., various collections I, Wiltshire quarter sessions records, p. 124. See also, Dore, R. N., The civil wars in Cheshire, p. 13 Google Scholar; Commons’ jn., ii, 640; P.R.O., S.P. dorn. 23/67, f. 547.

31 Commons’ jn., ii, 355, 417, 462; Lords’ jn., v, 305, 373; P.R.O., S.P. dom. 23/116, f. 827

32 P.R.O., S.P. dom. 23/181, f. 748.

33 Ibid., 19/80, f. 140.

34 Commons’ jn., iii, 202; H.M.C, rep. 13, pt I, Portland MSS, p. 125.

35 Latimer, J, The annals of Bristol in the seventeenth century, p. 102.Google Scholar

36 An order made by both houses of parliament, to prevent the going over of popish commanders into Ireland, and also to hinder the transportation of arms, ammunition, money, come, victuals, and all other provision to the rebels, and for the sending back of the Irish papists lately come over (London, 1642).

37 Ibid.; J. Latimer, op. cit., p. 102; Commons’ jn., ii, 447, 765.

38 Cal. S.P. Venice, xxv, 240.

39 Clarendon, , Rebellion, 1, 397 Google Scholar See also, Reliquiae Baxterianae, above, p. 143.

40 T. Wright (ed.), The autobiography of Joseph Lister, of Bradford in Yorkshire.

41 Ibid., p. 6.

42 Ibid., p. 8.

43 Ibid.

44 Lindley, K. J, ‘The part played by the catholics in the English civil war’ (unpublished Ph.D., University of Manchester, 1968), pp 66–7, 71.Google Scholar

45 Coates, W. H. (ed.), The journal of Sir Simonds D’Ewes, p. 108.Google Scholar

46 Ibid., pp 222–3. See also, Commons’ jn., ii, 1369.

47 The citizens of London’s humble petition to the house of commons (London, 1641).

48 Lords’ jn., iv, 536.

49 Ibid., p. 539.

50 Another message sent to the kings majesty at Yorke, from both houses of parliament, March 28, 1642 (London, 1642).

51 Wallington, N., Historical notices, 2, 34.Google Scholar

52 Irelands advocate: or, a sermon preached upon Nov em. 14, 1641 to promote the contributions by way of lending, for the present relief of the protestants party in Ireland (London, 1641), pp 32–4. See also, A brief e declaration of the barbarous and inhumane dealings of the northerne Irish rebels (London, 1641), p. 13.

53 Wallington, N., Historical notices, 2, 41–2.Google Scholar

54 Coates, W. H. (ed.), The journal of Sir Simonds DTiwcs, p. 182.Google Scholar

55 SirScott, Walter (ed.), Original memoirs, written during the great civil war; being the life of Sir Henry Slingsby, and memoirs of Capt. Hodgson (Edinburgh, 1806), p. 96 Google Scholar, Beamont, W (ed.), ‘A discourse of the warr in Lancashire’, in Chetham Society, old series, lxii, 11 ; Lords’ jn., iv, 629.Google Scholar

56 A relation touching the present state and condition of Ireland (London, 1642), p. 4.

57 Coates, W. H. (ed.), The journal of Sir Simonds D’Ewes, p. 121.Google Scholar

58 Ibid., p. 348.

59 Commons’ jn., ii, 401.

60 H.M.C., rep. 53, Montagu MSS, p. 140.

61 Ormerod, G. (ed.), ‘Tracts relating to military proceedings in Lancashire during the great civil war’, pp 34.Google Scholar

62 Atkinson, J. A. (ed.), ‘Tracts relating to the civil war in Cheshire, 1641–59’, in Chetham Society, new series, lxv, 42.Google Scholar

63 Tucker, N., North Wales in the civil war (Denbigh, 1958), p. 9 Google Scholar, Dodd, A. H., ‘Anglesey in the civil war’, in Transactions of the Anglesey Antiquarian Society and Field Club, 1952, pp 1, 6–7Google Scholar, id., ‘Caernarvonshire in the divil war’, in Transactions of the Caernarvonshire Historical Society, 1953, p. 5; id., ‘The civil war in east Denbighshire’, in Transactions of the Denbighshire Historical Society, 1954, p. 58.

64 P.R.O., S.P dom. 16/488, f. 100.

65 Rees, J. F, Studies in Welsh history (Cardiff, 1947), pp 83–4Google Scholar; Coates, W. H. (ed.), The journal of Sir Simonds D’Ewes, p. 153 Google Scholar, The kingdonics weekly intelligencer, 7–14 February 1643, p. 56.

66 Commons’ jn., ii, 818, 836.

67 Terrible newes from Hartford (London, 1642), p. 5.

68 See above, p. 151.

69 Clarendon, , Rebellion, 1, 412.Google Scholar

70 Coates, W H. (ed.), The journal of Sir Simonds D’Ewes, p. 116 Google Scholar; H.M.C., rep. 53, Montagu MSS, p. 133; An order made by both houses of parliament, to prevent the going over of popish commanders into Ireland … etc. (London, 1642); Commons’ jn., ii, 403.

71 Johnson, G. W (ed.), The Fairfax correspondence, 2, 391–2.Google Scholar

72 The heads of several! proceedings in this present parliament, from the 22 November, to the 29, 1641 (London, 1641), p. 1; More newes from Ireland, or the bloody practices of the papists (London, 1641).

73 Lords’ jn., iv, 541.

74 A remonstrance of divers remarkable passages concerning the church and kingdome of Ireland (London, 1642), p. 3.

75 Ibid., pp 17–8.

76 Ibid., p. 21

77 An alarum to warre: proclaimed by our soveraigne and his parliament, to subjugate the papists and vindicate the protestants of Ireland (London, 1642), Admirable good newes agame from Ireland; or, a letter from Sir Thomas Lucas (London, 1642).

78 A continuation of the true diurnall, of all passages in parliament, 14 March 1642 (London, 1642), p. 73, Lords’ jn., iv, 606–7.

79 P.R.O., privy council, 2/53, f. 201, ibid., S.P. dorn, 16/488, f. 100.

80 Lords’ jn., iv, 599.

81 Strange and bloody newes from Mintard (London, 1642).

82 To the honorable the knights, citizens, and burgesses of the commons house of parliament. The humble petition of the knights, esquires, gentlemen, ministers, freeholders, and other inhabitants of the county of Stafford (London, 1642).

83 Ormerod, G. (ed.), ‘Tracts relating to military proceedings in Lancashire during the great civil war’, p. 4 Google Scholar, Atkinson, J A. (ed.), ‘Tracts relating to the civil war in Cheshire, 1641–59’, p. 42.Google Scholar

84 Dodd, A. H., Studies in Stuart Wales (Cardiff, 1952), p. 77.Google Scholar

85 Dodd, A. H., ‘Anglesey in the civil war’, p. 7 Google Scholar; P.R.O., S.P. dom. 16/488, f. 100.

86 Palmer, R. (earl of Castlemaine), The catholique apology (3rd ed., London, 1674), p. 52.Google Scholar

87 A continuation of the true diurnall, of all passages in parliament, 14 March 1642 (London, 1642), p. 76.

88 P.R.O., S.P. dorn. 23/174, f. 265; ibid., 23/73, f. 53. Carili later conformed to protestantism (S.P. dom. 23/174, f. 233) but he was a catholic at the time of the loan.

89 Sylvester, (ed.), Reliquiae Baxterianae, pt I, p. 29.Google Scholar

90 Lords’ jn., iv, 439; Commons’ jn., ii, 316; A discovery of a bloody treason against the protestants of this kingdome, brought to the House of Commons, 15 Nov. (London, 1641), P.R.O., S.P. dom. 16/485, f. 93.

91 Lords’ jn., iv, 440.

92 Clifton, R., ‘The fear of catholics in England 1637 to 1645, Principally from central sources’ (unpublished D.Phil., Oxford University, 1967), PP 139, 210.Google Scholar

93 H.M.C, rep. 53, Montagu MSS, p. 134.

94 A remonstrance of divers remarkeable passages concerning the church and kingdome of Ireland (London, 1642), pp 2, 7.

95 A perfect diurnall of the passages in parliament, 12-ig September 1642 (London, 1642), p. 7.

96 Lords’ jn., iv, 430.

97 Wallington, N., Historical notices, 1, 303 Google Scholar; The whole proceedings of the siege of Drogheda in Ireland, with a thankfull remembrance for its wonderfull delivery (London, 1642), p. 82, A relation touching the present state and condition of Ireland (London, 1642), p. 3.

98 Lords’ jn., iv, 587; Commons’ jn., ii, 378, 406.

99 Bayley, A. R., The great civil war in Dorset, 1642–1660 (Taunton, 1910), p. 40.Google Scholar

100 An order from the committee, that eleven thousand three hundred horse should be conducted by Sir Simon Harecolt into Ireland (London, 1642), A true relation of certaine passages which Captaine Basset brought from the west parts of Cornwall (London, 1642), pp 1–3; The kingdomes weekly intelligencer, j-14 February 1643, p. 56; H.M.C., rep. 53, Montagu MSS, p. 151, Lords’ jn., iv, 492, 596; ibid., ν, 409, 427, Commons’ jn., ii, 377, 412, 438, 709; Coates, W. H. (ed.), The journal of Sir Simonds D’Ewes, p. 179.Google Scholar

101 A perfect diurnall, 8–15 August 1642, p. 2; A continuation of certain speciali and remarkable passages, 20–27 April 1643.

102 Cal S.P Venice, xxv, 241.

103 H.M.C., rep. 13, pt I, Portland MSS, p. 31, A true relation of certame passages which Captarne Basset brought from the west parts of Cornwall (London, 1642), p. 3, An exact and true relation how eighteene French and Irish men, whose names are set downe, were apprehended at Salt-come in Devonshire neere Plymouth (London, 1642), A perfect diurnali, 4-21 February 1642, p. 2; ibid., 12–19 September 1642, p. 7; Speciali passages and certain informations from severall places .. , 13-20 September 1642, pp 42–3; Lords’ jn., iv, 535, 614; ibid., v, 14, 409, Commons’ jn., ii, 466.

104 H.M.C., rep. 13, pt I, Portland MSS, p. 31, Rees, J. F., The story of Milford Haven, p. 9.Google Scholar

105 Clarendon, , Rebellion, 2, 491 Google Scholar, A perfect diurnali, 12–19 September 1642, p. 7.

106 Lords’ jn., iv, 422; Commons’ jn., ii, 304, 404, Coates, W. H. (ed.). The journal of Sir Simonds D’Ewes, p. 77.Google Scholar

107 Commons’ jn., ii, 453; W H. Coates (ed.), op. cit., p. 125, Cal. S.P. Venice, xxv, 243–5.

108 Commons’ jn., ii, 311, 430, 472, 521; Lords’ jn., iv, 472; W. H. Coates (ed.), op. cit., pp 119–20, A perfect diurnali, 25 July to 1 August 1642.

109 H.M.C., rep. 13, pt I, Portland MSS, pp 35, 82; P.R.O., S.P. dom. 16/471, f. 48; The queens maiesties gracious answer to the Lord Digbies letter, and the parliaments censure to the 18 rebels (London, 1642); Lords’ jn., iv, 428, 518, 549, 581, 683; Commons’ jn., ii, 714, 880; W H. Coates (ed.), op. cit., p. 196.

110 Cal. S.P. Venice, xxvi, 62; Lords’ jn., v, 194, 417; Commons’ jn., ii, 818, 836.

111 Lords’ jn., iv, 417, 446, 451; Commons’ jn., ii, 300, 302.

112 W H. Coates (ed.), op. cit., p. 125.

113 Lords’ jn., iv, 512; ibid., v, 402.

114 Gardiner, , Eng. (1891 ed.), 10, 57–8Google Scholar Hexter, J. H., The reign of King Pym (Harvard, 1641), pp 182–3Google Scholar; Wedgwood, C. V., The king’s war, p. 22 Google Scholar; Aylmer, G. E., The struggle for the constitution, p. 111 Google Scholar; Roots, I., The great rebellion, 1642–60 (London, 1966), p. 49 Google Scholar; Hill, C., The century of revolution, 1603–1714 (London, 1967), pp 111–2Google Scholar; Commons’ jn., ii, 399.

115 W. H. Coates (ed.), op. cit., pp 94, 99, Gardiner, , Eng. (1891 ed.), 10, 55–8Google Scholar

116 W. H. Coates (ed.). op. cit., pp 104–5.

117 Ibid., p. 281; Lords’ jn., iv, 489, 536.

118 G. E. Aylmer, op. cit., p. 113; Lords’ jn., iv, 587; Commons’ jn., ii, 406, 446.

119 Hazlett, H., ‘The financing of the British armies in Ireland, 1641-9’, in I.H.S., 1, 31–2Google Scholar; MacCormack, J. R., ‘The Irish adventurers and the English civil war’ in I.H.S., 10, 34, 39Google Scholar; Clarendon, , The history of the rebellion and civil wars in Ireland, p. 14 Google Scholar; id., Rebellion, i, 598, ibid., ii, 486; ibid., iii, 488; SirWarwick, Philip, Memoirs of the reign of King Charles the first (Edinburgh, 1813), p. 220 Google Scholar; Mercurius aulicus, 8 March 1643 (tenth week), p. 125; ibid., 28 September, 1643 (thirty-nineth week), p. 545; Lords’ jn., vi, 36; Cal. S.P. Venice, xxvi, 106–7, 118, 130.

120 Clarke, , Old English, p. 179 Google Scholar; Clarendon, , The history of the rebellion and civil wars in Ireland, p. 11 Google Scholar; Gilbert, , Ir. confed., 1, 17 Google Scholar; A remonstrance of divers remarkeable passages concerning the church and king-dome of Ireland (London, 1642), p. 5.

121 Dunlop, R., ‘The forged commission of 1641’, in E.H.R., 2 (1887), PP 529–33Google Scholar Clarke, , Old English, p. 168.Google Scholar

122 R. Dunlop, op. cit., p. 527; Gardiner, , Eng. (1891 ed.), 10, 7, 50Google Scholar, Clarke, , Old English, pp 158–9, 227–8Google Scholar; Lowe, J., ‘The negotiations between Charles I and the confederation of Kilkenny, 1642–49’ (unpublished Ph.D., University of London, 1960), pp 12–3.Google Scholar

123 An admiration by way of answer to the petition of the rebells in Ireland (London, 1642), p. 3; A perfect diurnali, 12–19 September 1642, ibid., p. 7; ibid., 19–26 September 1642, pp 1, 7; Mercurius aulicus, 29 July 1643 (thirtieth week), p. 406; Lords’ jn., iv, 431, 473, 629–30; Commons’ jn., ii, 369; W. H. Coates (ed.), op. cit., pp 99 note 19, 351, 360–61; Cal. S.P. Venice, xxvi, 24; Clarendon, , Rebellion, 1, 480, 558–9.Google Scholar

124 Clarendon, , Rebellion, 1, 560–2Google Scholar; Commons’ jn., ii, 420; His majesties answer to a message sent to him by the house of commons, at Yorke, March 19, 1641 (London, 1642).

125 Clarendon, , Rebellion, 1, 480.Google Scholar

126 Ibid, pp 399–400.

127 Ibid., iii, 268.

128 Cal. S.P Venice, xxvi, 46.

129 Clarendon, , Rebellion, 2, 485.Google Scholar

130 Clarendon, , The history of the rebellion and civil wars in Ireland, p. 48 Google Scholar; Sylvester, (ed.), Reliquiae Baxterianae, pt I, p. 29.Google Scholar

131 Dodd, A. H., Studies in Stuart Wales, p. 87 Google Scholar

132 Dore, R. N., The civil wars in Cheshire, p. 21.Google Scholar

133 Raines, F. R. (ed.), ‘The Stanley papers, pt III’, in Chetham Society, 66 (1867), p. IxviiiGoogle Scholar; W. H. Coates (ed.), op. cit., p. 153.

134 See above, p. 158. John Carili argued that he had been an unwilling royalist, and that his royalism consisted of having been in the royalist garrison at Arundel castle at its surrender, without his ever having borne arms or been an active royalist. The committee for compounding, however, certified him as sequestered for delinquency (P.R.O., S.P. dom. 23/73, ff 536, 523; tod., 23/174, f. 265).

135 Latimer, J., The annals of Bristol in the seventeenth century, p. 156.Google Scholar

136 P.R.O., S.P. dom. 23/181, ff 740, 748.

137 MacCormack, J. R., ‘The Irish adventurers and the English civil war’ p. 22.Google Scholar

138 Clarendon, , Rebellion, 2, 488.Google Scholar

139 Lords’ jn., v, 412.

140 Ibid., pp 269–70.

141 Speciall passages, 13–20 September 164.2, p. 42.

142 A perfect diurnali, 5–12 December 1642.

143 Speciali passages, 13–20 September 1642, p. 47.

144 Lords’ jn., v, 418.

145 Ormerod, G. (ed.), ‘Tracts relating to military proceedings in Lancashire during the great civil war’, p. 72.Google Scholar

146 Speciali passages, 20–27 December 1642, p. 163.

147 Wallington, N., Historical notices, 2, 125.Google Scholar

148 Marleborowes miseries, or, England turned Ireland (London, 1643), passim.

149 Lords’ jn., v, 586.

150 K. J. Lindley, ’ The part played by the catholics in the English civil war ’, passim.

151 Gardiner, , Great civil war (1893 ed.), 1, 225, 245. Google Scholar

152 Ibid., p. 245, Wallington, N., Historical notices, 2, 190–1, 213Google Scholar; Ormerod, G. (ed.), ‘Tracts relating to military proceedings in Lancashire during the great civil war’, p. 153 Google Scholar, The true copie of a letter sent from an inhabitant of Bridgewater in the county of Somerset (London, 1643), p. 2.

153 A perfect diurnali, 6–13 November 1643, p. 132, Gilbert, , Ir. confed., 2, 295.Google Scholar

154 Gardiner, , Great civil war (1893 ed.), 1, 245.Google Scholar

155 Phillips, J. R., Memoirs of the civil war in Wales and the marches, 1642–49 (London, 1874), 1, 184 Google Scholar, Aylmer, G. E., The struggle for the constitution, p. 126.Google Scholar

156 Clarendon, , The history of the rebellion and civil wars in Ireland, p. 48 Google Scholar, id., Rebellion, iii, 448–9.

157 Vicars, J., Jehovah-Jireh, pt III, 68.Google Scholar

158 The true informer, 27 January-3 February 1644, p. 148.

159 Bayley, A. R., The great civil war in Dorset, 1642–60 (Taunton, 1910), p. 107 Google Scholar; Firth, C. H.(ed.), The memoirs of Edmund Ludlow (Oxford, 1894), p. 86 Google Scholar; P.R.O., S.P. dom. 23/233, f. 852.

160 A declaration made to the kingdome, by Henry earle of Holland (London, 1644), p. 6.

l61 A. R. Bayley, op. cit., pp 107, 208; Christie, W D., A life of Anthony Ashley Cooper, first earl of Shaftesbury (London, 1871), 1, 60 Google Scholar; Rushworth, , Hist, coll, 5, 697 Google Scholar; G.E.C., Peerage, vii, 51.

162 A declaration by Sir Edward Dering knight and baronet (Lond 1644), pp 8–9. See also, The kingdomes weekly intelligencer, 30 Janna) 7 February 1645, P. 327

163 D Christie, op. cit., i, 51; D.N.B., iv, 1037.

164 Clarendon, , Rebellion, 3, 421.Google Scholar

165 Ibid., pp 193–200; G.E.C., Peerage, vi, 539, D.N.B., xvi, 999.

166 G.E.C., Peerage, vii, 51–2; D.N.B., xiv, 766-7

167 The kingdomes weekly intelligencer, 30 January-y February 16, pp 327-8; D.N.B., xiv, 846.

168 A. R. Bayley, op. cit., pp 106–7, D.N.B., iv, 1037

169 Clarendon, , Rebellion, 3, 422–3Google Scholar; D.N.B., viii, 568.

170 G.E.C., Peerage, xii, 568, D.N.B., vi, 1042.

171 A perfect diurnali, 13–20 November 1643, p. 138.

172 The Scotish dove, 3–10 November 1643, pp 30–1.

173 P.R.O., S.P. dom. 23/184, f. 389.

174 Ibid., 23/175, f. 393, ibid., 23/177, f. 171, ibid., 23/181, f. 293; ibid., 23/184, f. 413; ibid., 23/192, f. 311.

175 Ibid., 23/174, f. 484.

176 Ibid., 23/174, f. 477.

177 See above, pp 166–73.

178 Mercurius civicus, 8–16 June 1643, P. 43; Certaine informations, 5–12 June 1643, pp 165–7.

179 The true copie of a letter sent from an inhabitant of Bridgewater in the county of Somerset (London, 1643), p. 2.

180 Ibid., pp 2–4.

181 Ibid., p. 5.

182 Wallington, N., Historical notices, 2, 214–5.Google Scholar

183 Ibid., p. 215.

184 Two ordinances of the Lords and Commons assembled in parliament (London, 1644); Lords’ jn., vii, 33; Commons’ jn., iii, 673, 675.

185 Mercurius, etc., 31 January-6 February 1645, p. 12.

186 A. R. Bayley, op. cit., p. 204; J. R. Phillips, op. cit., ii, 161, Dodd, A. H., ‘Caernarvonshire in the civil war’, p. 24 Google Scholar; Vicars, J., Jehovah-Jireh, pt iv, 386 Google Scholar; Firth, C. H. (ed.), The memoirs of Edmund Ludlow, 1, 95 Google Scholar; The true informer, 27 January-3 February 1644, pp 147, 151; Cal. S.P. Venice, xxvii, 101, 126; Hall, J. (ed.), ‘Memorials of the civil war in Cheshire and the adjacent counties’, Lancashire and Cheshire Record Society, 19, 155, 158, 174, 176. Google Scholar

187 J. R. Phillips, op. cit., ii, 161, Clarendon, , Rebellion, 3, 530.Google Scholar