1. Williams, Rowan, ‘Liberation Theology and the Anglican Tradition’, in Rowan Williams and David Nicholls (eds.), Politics and Theological Identity: Two Anglican Essays (London: The Jubilee Group, 1984), pp. 7–26 (17).
2. Williams, , ‘Liberation Theology and the Anglican Tradition’, p. 18.
3. On this, see Harold Laski’s fascinating remarks about establishment (in Political Thought in England from Locke to Bentham (London: Williams and Norgate, 1920)): ‘ “Thoughtful men”, the Archbishop of Canterbury has told the House of Lords, “... see the absolute need, if a Church is to be strong and vigorous, for the Church, qua church, to be able to say what it can do as a church”. “The rule of the sovereign, the rule of Parliament”, replied Lord Haldane, “extend as far as the rule of the Church. They are not to be distinguished or differentiated, and that was the condition under which ecclesiastical power was transmitted to the Church of England”. Today, that is to say, as in the past, antithetic theories of the nature of the State hinge, in essence, upon the problem of its sovereignty. “A free church in a free state”, now, as then, may be our ideal; but we still seek the means wherewith to build it’ (p. 85).
4. On political pluralism, see especially Xiao, Gongquan, Political Pluralism: a Study in Contemporary Political Theory (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1927); Runciman, David, Pluralism and the Personality of the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Marc Stears, Progressives, Pluralists, and the Problems of the State; Laborde, Cécile, Pluralist Thought and the State in Britain and France, 1900–25 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000); and Hirst, Paul Q. (ed.), The Pluralist Theory of the State (London: Routledge, 1989).
5. On Figgis, see my Bishops, Saints and Politics: Anglican Studies (London: T&T Clark, 2007), ch. 4, pp. 69–94.
6. Figgis, J.N., Churches in the Modern State (London: Longmans, 1914).
7. ‘Liberation Theology and the Anglican Tradition’, p. 21.
8. On Figgis and conciliarism, see my essay, ‘The Dull Bits of History: Cautionary Tales for Anglicanism’, in Mark D. Chapman (ed.), The Anglican Covenant: Unity and Diversity in the Anglican Communion (London: Mowbray, 2008), pp. 81–99.
9. Williams, , ‘Liberation Theology and the Anglican Tradition’, p. 22.
10. See also ‘The Trinity and Pluralism’, in Rowan Williams (ed.), On Christian Theology (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), pp. 167–80.
11. The rising influence of other religions was scarcely noted in the influential report of the Archbishop of Canterbury’s Commission on Urban Priority Areas: Faith in the City: a Call for Action by Church and Nation (London: Church House Publishing, 1985).
14. Nicholls, David, The Pluralist State (London: Macmillan, 2nd edn, 1994) and ‘Authority in Church and State aspects of the thought of J.N. Figgis and his contemporaries’ (unpublished Cambridge PhD dissertation, 1962). See more generally, Stears, Marc, Progressives, Pluralists, and the Problems of the State: Ideologies of Reform in the United States and Britain, 1909–1926 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
15. ‘Law, Power and Peace’, p. 1.
16. ‘Law, Power and Peace’, p. 3.
17. ‘Law, Power and Peace’, p. 2.
18. ‘Law, Power and Peace’, p. 4.
19. ‘Law, Power and Peace’, p. 9.
20. ‘Law, Power and Peace’, pp. 7–8.
21. ‘Law, Power and Peace’, p. 5.
22. ‘Law, Power and Peace’, pp. 7–8.
23. ‘Law, Power and Peace’, pp. 8–9.
24. ‘The Unity of Christian Truth’, in On Christian Theology, pp. 16–28 (17).
25. ‘Law, Power and Peace’, p. 9.
27. ‘Law, Power and Peace’, p. 7.
29. ‘Convictions, Loyalties and the Secular State’, Chatham Lecture, October 29, 2004. Posted at: http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/1478. See also ‘The Judgement of the World’ in On Christian Theology, p. 35.
30. ‘Religion, Culture, Diversity and Tolerance’.
31. ‘Europe, Faith and Culture’.
32. ‘The Unity of Christian Truth’, p. 17.
33. ‘Europe, Faith and Culture’.
34. ‘Religion, Culture, Diversity and Tolerance’.
35. Nazir-Ali, Michael, ‘Extremism flourished as UK lost Christianity’, Sunday Telegraph, January 11, 2008.
36. ‘Law, Power and Peace’, p. 4.
37. ‘Convictions, Loyalties and the Secular State’.
38. ‘Religion, Culture, Diversity and Tolerance’.
40. Presidential address to November 2005 synod.
41. See ‘The Judgement of the World’, p. 35.
42. Carey, George, ‘Are we promoting harmony or Muslim ghettoes?’, in The Sunday Telegraph, February 10, 2008.
43. ‘Civil and Religious Law in England’.
44. ‘Convictions, Loyalties and the Secular State’.
45. Tariq Ramadan, Citing, Western Muslims and the Future of Islam (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 53, 55.
46. ‘Religion, Culture, Diversity and Tolerance’.
47. In his ill-judged criticism in The News of the World (February 10, 2008) George Carey writes: ‘[Williams’] conclusion that Britain will have to concede some place in law for aspects of Sharia is a view I cannot share’. But when he claims that ‘[t]here can be no exceptions to the laws of our land which have been so painfully honed by the struggle for democracy and human rights’, one wonders how he would feel if the Church of England were suddenly forced to accept equal rights legislation in relation to practising homosexuals who might be called to the episcopate.
48. ‘Civil and Religious Law in England’.
49. ‘Law, Power and Peace’, p. 8.
50. Grimley, Matthew, Citizenship, Community, and the Church of England: Liberal Anglican Theories of the State Between the Wars (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2004), ch. 2, pp. 65–102.
51. I attempted something similar in my Blair’s Britain: A Christian Critique (London: DLT, 2005), especially ch. 7, pp. 83–100.
53. Bradley, Ian, Believing in Britain (London: I.B. Tauris, 2007), especially ch. 6, pp. 167–200.
54. Kukathas, Chandran, The Liberal Archipelago: A Theory of Diversity and Freedom (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 8–9.
55. Kukathas, , The Liberal Archipelago, p. 15 (cf. p. 19).
56. Kukathas, , The Liberal Archipelago, p. 19.
57. Kukathas, , The Liberal Archipelago, p. 31.
58. Modood, Tariq, Multiculturalism: A Civic Idea (Cambridge: Polity, 2007).
59. Giddens, Anthony, Over to You, Mr. Brown (Cambridge: Polity, 2007), p. 155.
60. See Taylor, Charles, Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).
61. ‘Convictions, Loyalties and the Secular State’. Maleiha Malik, Citing, ‘Muslims and Participatory Democracy’, in Mohammad Siddique Seddon, Dilwar Hussain and Nadeem Malik (eds.), British Muslims: Loyalty and Belonging (London: Citizen Organising Foundation, 2003), pp. 69–85: ‘Institutional identification is more likely where substantive issues concerning the common good are discussed’ (p. 80).
62. ‘Convictions, Loyalties and the Secular State’. See ‘The Judgement of the World’, p. 37.
