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China's Response to Foreign Investment in Her Mining Industry (1902–1911)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 March 2011

En-Han Lee
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One of the most striking phenomena in early twentieth-century China is her rapid adaptability to modern nationalism. Viewed from the events of the period 1902 to 1911, this newly emerged spirit was expressed in many ways, and China's response to foreign investment in her mining industry was certainly one index of them. Indeed, this response had fully developed into a national movement in which China's major purpose was first to confront the established interests of foreign powers in China, and second, to implement what later proved to be an unsuccessful program of industrialization under her own control, with heavy emphasis on mining and railway development. However, the development of the spirit, in this phase, did not constitute an overall defiance of the treaty system which consisted of unequal terms and served as the foundation of Sino-foreign relations. China's objective was basically a negative one and had only limited positive perspective.

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Articles
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The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 28 , Issue 1 , November 1968 , pp. 55 - 76
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1968

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References

1 Collins, William F.: Mineral Enterprise in China (Tientsen, 1911), pp. 48–51Google Scholar; En-han, Lee, Wan-ch'ing ti sho-hui kuang-chuan yun-tung, (China's Efforts in Reclaiming her Mining Right, 1904–1911), Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica, (Taipei, 1963)Google Scholar; (hereafter referred to as SHKCYT), pp. 2–4, 51–52.

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6 KWT, pp. 3454–3457. 3980–3982, 4321–4326.

7 Lee, SHKCYT, pp. 32–33, 37–38. Regarding the Peking Syndicate's mining contracts in Shansi and Honan, see China No. 1 (1899), pp. 112–114; 194–196.

8 Ibid., pp. 41–42.

9 KWT, p. 2991–2992.

10 KWT, p. 3145; Lee, op. cit., p. 41.

11 Hsin-tsuan yo-chang ta-tsuan (New Collection of the Treaties and Agreements Concerning China), Vol. 62, pp. 109–110.

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13 Sheng Hsuen-huai, Yu-chai tsun-kao (Collected Works of Sheng Hsun-huai), telegraphs, Vol. 11, pp. 6, 7, 28.

14 Lee, op. cit., pp. 42–44; MacMurray, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 254–261.

15 Ting Wen-chiang, Wei-tse kuang-yeh-shih tse-liao, Materials on Foreign Mining Investment in China), Preface written by Weng Weh-hao, p. 1; KWT, p. 1355.

16 KWT, pp. 29–31, 45–49; China, No. 1, pp. 23–26.

17 KWT, pp. 86–90.

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20 Lee, op. cit., pp. 53–56, 59–61.

21 Ibid., pp. 55–56.

22 Ibid., pp. 56–58.

23 KWT, pp. 1630–1636, 1671.

24 Lee, op. cit., pp. 62.

25 Ibid.

26 Ibid.

27 Feuerwerker, Albert, China's Early Industrialization, Sheng Hsuan-huai (1844–1916) and Mandarin Enterprise (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1958), pp. 61–62, 65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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29 KWT, pp. 93–96, 1545.

30 Ibid., pp. 2374, 2379–2385.

31 Ibid.

32 MacMurray, op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 342–352, 423–432.

33 KWT, pp. 2390, 2395, 2403, 2405.

34 Ibid., pp. 2386, 2388.

35 Ibid., 2394, 2403–2404, 2414–2415.

36 Kuang-hsu-chao tung-hua-lu, pp. 5206–5207; Tung-fang tsa-chih, Vol. 1, No. 9, “The Fukian Mining Company.”

37 KWT, p. 1613.

38 Ibid., p. 2278; Tung-fang tsa-chih, Vol. 1, No. 6, “The Memorial of Hupeh's governor.”

39 KWT, p. 2057; Liu Chin-tsao, compiled, Httang-chao su wen-hsien tung-kao, (Supplement to the Official Documents of the Ch'ing Dynasty), (The Commercial Press, Shanghai), Vol. 387, p. 11350.

40 KWT, pp. 2060–2064.

41 Ibid., pp. 46–47, 87–90.

42 KWT, pp. 100–109; North China Herald, August 12, 1904, pp. 365–366, “the Chinese Mining Regulations.”

43 Hsin-tsuan yo-chang ta-tsuan, Vol. 62, “Memorial of the Ministry of Commerce.”

44 Kuang-hsu-chao tung-hua-lu, pp. 5122–5123.

45 Ibid., pp. 5162–5163.

46 Lee, op. cit., pp. 102–104, 113–116.

47 Tung-fang tsa-chih, Vol. 3, No. 3, “Dispatch from the Ministry of Commerce.”

48 KWT, pp. 1977–1981, 1982–1983.

49 Ibid., pp. 1997, 2011–2012; North China Herald, January 8, 1904, p. 14.

50 KWT, p. 1997.

51 Ibid., p. 2000.

52 Ibid.

53 KWT, p. 2019.

54 Ibid., pp. 3007–3008, 3050.

55 Lee, op. cit., pp. 142–143.

56 KWT, pp. 2730, 3057–3058, 3061.

57 Ibid., pp. 2739–2740.

58 Ibid., p. 2741.

59 Lee, op. cit., p. 135; KWT. pp. 2020–2021.

60 KWT, pp. 2584–2590; W. F. Collins, Mineral Enterprise in China, p. 51.

61 Lee, op. cit., pp. 146–149.

62 KWT, pp. 2863, 2882–2884.

63 Ibid., pp. 2922, 2926.

64 Ibid., pp. 2923, 2927–2928, 2932.

65 Ibid., pp. 1220–1222; Tung-fang tsa-chih, Vol. 6, No. 7 “Native and Foreign Events.”

66 Lee, op. cit., pp. 178–179.

67 Hsin-min tsung-poa, Vol. 4, No. 2, “A letter from Yunnan”; ibid., Vol. 4, No. 24, “Events of the Month in China.”

68 KWT, pp. 3343–3344; Collins, op. cit., p. 67.

69 KWT. pp. 3346, 3351.

70 KWT, pp. 1385–1386, 1415–1419, 1456; P. H. Kent, Railway Enterprise in China, p. 122; Collins, op. cit., pp. 68–70.

71 Collins, op. cit., pp. 70–71; Lee, op. cit., pp. 217–218. Also see North China Herald, Dec. 30, 1904, pp. 1474–1475, “A visit to the Peking Syndicated Works in Honan.”

72 Sheng Hsuan-huai, Yu-chai tsun-kao, (Collected Works of Sheng Hsuan-huai), Vol. 68, Seventh month 27, 1905, letters to Yuan Shih-kai and Chang Tsung-i; ibid., Vol. 69, the 2nd month 30, 1905, letter to the Peking Foreign Ministry: KWT, p. 1456.

73 Yu-chai tsun-kao, Vol. 62, the 10th month 4, 1903, letter from Governor Chang of Shansi; Vol. 64, the fourth month 9, 1904, telegraph from Governor Chang.

74 Ibid., Vol. 68, the fourth month 21, 1905, telegraph to Yuan shih-kai; the Seventh month 18, 1905, telegraph to Yuan; KWT, pp. 1514–1517.

75 Tung-fang tsa-chih, Vol. I, No. 8, “Mineral affairs: Shansi.”

76 KWT, pp. 1483, 1506–1508; Yu-chai tsun-kpo, Vol. 68, the seventh month 27, 1905, letter to Governor-general Yuan and Governor Chang.

77 KWT, pp. 1453, 1470–1471.

78 Ibid., pp. 1471–1472, 1506, 1509–1510.

79 Ibid., pp. 1506, 1509–1510.

80 Ibid., p. 1566; Hsin-tsuan yo-chang ta-chuan, Vol. 62, Charter of the Poa-chin Mining Company of Shansi.

81 Chi-tien, Chen, Shansi piao-chuang kao-liao, (Sketch History of the Shansi Banks), (Shanghai, 1937), pp. 69–76Google Scholar; KWT, p. 1563.

82 KWT, pp. 1565–1566.

83 Ibid., pp. 1476–1478; Tung-fang tsa-chih, Vol. 3, No. 10, “Mineral Affairs: Shansi.”

84 KWT, pp. 1473–1474, 1568–1571, 1576, 1578.

85 Ibid., pp. 1574–1575. 1580–1584, 1584–1587.

86 Ibid., p. 1594.

87 Ibid., pp. 1594–595.

88 Ibid., p. 1581; Wei-chiao Poa, (Diplomatic Press), No. 175, “The Meeting of the Peking Syndicate.”

89 KWT. p. 1557.

90 Ibid., pp. 1575, 1578, 15801–584.

91 Ibid., pp. 1589–1590.

92 Collins, op. cit., p. 53; North China Herald, January 24, 1904, p. 1335.

93 Lee, op. cit., pp. 168–174.

94 Morse, H. B., The International Relations of the Chinese Empire, Vol. III, pp. 439–440.Google Scholar

95 KWT, pp. 1550, 1551–1552. 1556

96 Kung-chen, Ko, Chung-kuo pao-hsueh shih, (History of Journalism in China), pp. 165–169Google Scholar; Tung-fang tsa-chih, Vol. 3, No. 1, “On China's progress.”Google Scholar

97 Kuo Ting-yee, Liu-shih-nien lai chih chung-kuo, (China in the Past Sixty Years), The Special Issue of The Continental Magazine, Taipei, p. 10; Shu Hsin-cheng, Chin-tai Chung-kfio liu-hsueh shih, (The Chinese Students Abroad of the Modern Times), p. 151.

98 KWT, pp. 1522–1525, 1532–1536, 1536–1539, 1540.

99 Ibid., p. 2137.

100 Min-poa, Nos. 4–7, Han-min (Hu Han-min), “Anti-foreign Activity and the International Law.”

101 Chao-yung Fang, compiled, Ching-mu min-chu yang-hsueh hsueh-sheng ti-ming-lu chu-chieh (Partial Collection of the Lists of the Chinese Students in Japan and Western Countries in the late Ch'ing and early Republican Periods), p. 2; KWT, pp. 2133, 2143.

102 KWT, pp. 1573–1574.

103 In connection with China's efforts in reclaiming those foreign-controlled railways, see E-tu Zen Sun, Chinese Railways and British Interests, 1898–1911 (King's Crown Press, Columbia University, 1954). PP. 21–24, 63. 76–84. 133–137 137–141.

104 Yee-sheng, Hsu, ed. Chung-kuo chin-tai wei-chai-shih tung-chi tsu-liao, 1853–1927, (Statistical Materials Concerning China's Foreign Debts, 1853–1927), Peking, 1962, pp. 28–53, 76–77.Google Scholar

105 Lee, Op. cit., pp. 268–270.

106 Wen-kiang, Ting, “The Chinese Mining Industry for the Past Fifty Years,” Tsui-chin chih wu-shih-nien, (The Recent Fifty Years), Sheng Poa, Shanghai, p. 6.Google Scholar

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109 Lee, op. cit. pp. 272–273; KWT, pp. 1795–1798.