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The Principles and Operational Code of Communist China's International Conduct

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 March 2011

Franklin W. Houn
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Extract

Mao Tse-tung and his associates in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) appear to have a penchant for reducing an important and complex policy or strategy to a relatively simple set of rules that their followers can easily understand and implement without undue deviation. In the military field, for example, Mao laid down, at a very early stage of his revolutionary career, the now well-known rules governing guerrilla warfare which read in part:

… The enemy advances, we retreat; the enemy camps, we harass; the enemy tires, we attack; the enemy retreats, we pursue.

To extend stable base areas, employ the policy of advancing in waves; pursued by a powerful enemy, employ the policy of circling around.

Arouse the largest numbers of the masses in the shortest possible time and by the best possible methods.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 27 , Issue 1 , November 1967 , pp. 21 - 40
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1967

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References

1 Tse-tung, Mao, Selected Works (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1964), I, 124.Google Scholar

2 Tse-tung, Mao, Selected Works (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1965), III, 50.Google Scholar

3 “Four togetherness” meant that commune cadres should consult, eat, live, and work together with the peasants. The “five good” policy meant the peasant should be good in observing laws and decrees of the government, be good in protecting the collective, be good in performing labor, be good in protecting public property, and be good in uniting with and helping other people.

4 For some systematic summations of the nature, objectives, and application of the United Front Policy, see Chih-I, Chang, A Preliminary Study of the Chinese People's Democratic United Front [Shih-lun cAung-kuo jen-min min-chu t'ung-i chan-hsien], (Peking: People's Publishing House, 1958)Google Scholar; and Weihan, Li, “The Chinese People's Democratic United Front: Its Special Features,” Peking Review, No. 33 (August 18, 1961), pp. 10–15Google Scholar; No. 34 (May 25, 1961), pp. 12–18; and No. 35 (September I, 1961), pp. 10–14. See also another series of articles by entitled, Li “The Struggle for Proletarian Leadership in the New-Democratic Revolution in China,” Peking Review, No. 8 (February 23, 1962), pp. 5–13Google Scholar; No. 9 (March 2, 1962), pp. 8–14; No. 10 (March 9, 1962), pp. 8–14; No. 11 (March 16, 1962), pp. 12–17; No. 12 (March 23, 1962), pp. 12–18.

5 See, for example, Tsou, Tang and Halperin, Morton H., “Mao Tse-tung's Revolutionary Strategy and Peking's International Behavior,” American Political Science Review, LIX (March 1965), 80–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

6 Mao, , Selected Worlds, I, 311–47.Google Scholar

7 Mao, , Selected Worlds, I, 13Google Scholar; and ibid., III, 201.

8 Ibid., III, 312–13.

9 Peng Chen's speech at the Aliarcham Academy of Social Sciences (Indonesia) on May 25, 1965, NCNA (New China News Agency), May 27, 1965.Google Scholar

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11 NCNA, April 25 and June 23, 1964.Google Scholar

12 See Chen Yi's statement at a press conference held on September 29, 1965, Peking Review, No. 41 (October 8, 1965), p. 13.Google Scholar

13 NCNA, May 3, 1962.Google Scholar

14 NCNA, December 26, 1962.Google Scholar

15 NCNA, March 2, 1963.Google Scholar

16 For a report on a statement on the matter by a Pakistan Government spokesman, see The Asian Student, March 9, 1963.Google Scholar

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18 Ibid., II, 433.

19 Loc. cit.

20 The Editorial Department of the People's Daily, Two Different Lines on the Questions of War and Peace (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1963), p. 12.Google Scholar

21 The title of the article in Red Flag is translated as “Revolutionary Dialectics and How to Appraise Imperialism.” An English text can be found in NCNA, January 6, 1963.Google Scholar

22 “Carry Forward the Revolutionary Spirit of the Moscow Declaration and the Moscow Statement,” editorial in People's Daily, November 15, 1962Google Scholar. An English text of the editorial is in NCNA, November 14, 1962.Google Scholar

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24 Ibid., III, 433.

25 NCNA, August 14, 1963.Google Scholar

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27 Ibid., III, 202.

28 “The General Line of the International Communist Movement,” NCNA, June 16, 1963.Google Scholar

29 Mao, , Selected Works, I, 106.Google Scholar

30 Ibid., IV, 220.

31 Loc. cit.

32 New York Times, August 25, 1955.Google Scholar

33 NCNA, February 26, 1964.Google Scholar

34 Passin, Herbert, China's Cultural Diplomacy (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., 1962)Google Scholar

35 See Lin Hai-yun's report on foreign trade in NCNA, September 29, 1964.Google Scholar

36 Gurtov, Melvin, “Communist China's Foreign Aid Program,” Current History, No. 289, September 1965, p. 151.Google Scholar

37 Mao, , Selected Work, IV, 181.Google Scholar

38 NCNA, January 6, 1963.Google Scholar

39 See, for example, Moscow's critique which appeared in an editorial in Pravda on January 7, 1963.Google Scholar

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41 Loc. cit.

42 NCNA, January 6, 1963.Google Scholar

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47 Cheng-chih, Liao, “The Way to Defend World Peace,” Peking Review, No. 51 (December 22, 1961), p. 13Google Scholar. See also Red Flag, “More on the Differences Between Comrade Togliatti and Us,” Current Background, No. 706 (March 7, 1963), p. 78.Google Scholar

48 Joy, Admiral C. Turner, How Communists Negotiate (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1955), p. 59.Google Scholar

49 Mao, , Selected Works, IV, 49.Google Scholar

50 Ibid., IV, 58.

51 For an official text of the statement, see China and the Asian-African Conference (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1955), p. 28.Google Scholar

52 Kahin, George McTurnan, The Asian-African Conference (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1965), pp. 28–29.Google Scholar

53 Mao, , Selected Works, II, 214.Google Scholar

54 ibid., I, 223.

55 Ibid., IV, 49.