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Religion and the New Liberalism: The Rowntree Family, Quakerism, and Social Reform

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 December 2012

Ian Packer
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Type
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Journal of British Studies , Volume 42 , Issue 2 , April 2003 , pp. 236 - 257
Copyright
Copyright © North American Conference of British Studies 2003

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References

1 Regarding the family firm, see Fitzgerald, Robert, Rowntree and the Marketing Revolution, 1862–1969 (Cambridge, 1995)Google Scholar.

2 See Brown, Callum, The Death of Christian Britain: Understanding Secularization, 1800–2000 (London, 2001)Google Scholar, for a summary of the secularization debate.

3 The historiography on this debate is enormous. Current trends are ably summarized in Searle, Geoffrey, The Liberal Party, 2d ed. (Basingstoke, 2001)Google Scholar.

4 The literature is surveyed in Bebbington, David, “Nonconformity and Electoral Sociology, 1867–1918,” Historical Journal 27, no. 3 (1984): 633–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

5 Clarke, Peter, “Electoral Sociology of Modern Britain,” History 57 (1972): 31–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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14 Bebbington, David, Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s (London, 1989), pp. 2–17Google Scholar. Only the Evangelical element in Unitarianism does not fit comfortably into this definition.

15 Hilton, Boyd, The Age of Atonement: The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1795–1865 (Oxford, 1988)Google Scholar.

16 Bebbington, , Evangelicalism, pp. 211–14Google Scholar; Thompson, David, “The Emergence of the Nonconformist Social Gospel in England,” in Protestant Evangelicalism: Britain, Ireland, Germany, and America c.1750–c.1950, ed. Robbins, Keith, Studies in Church History: Subsidia, vol. 7 (Oxford, 1990), pp. 255–80Google Scholar.

17 King, W. M., “Hugh Price Hughes and the British Social Gospel,” Journal of Religious History (June 1984): 66–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Thompson, David, “John Clifford's Social Gospel,” Baptist Quarterly 31 (1986):199–217CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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19 These developments were not confined to British Nonconformists. Regarding Anglicanism, see Walsh, Cheryl, “The Incarnation and the Christian Socialist Conscience in the Victorian Church of England,” Journal of British Studies 34, no. 3 (1995): 351–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar; for a broader, transatlantic perspective, see Phillips, Paul T., A Kingdom on Earth: Anglo-American Social Christianity, 1880–1940 (University Park, Pa., 1996)Google Scholar.

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24 Isichei, Elizabeth, Victorian Quakers (Oxford, 1970), pp. 3–16, 188–257Google Scholar.

25 This development has recently been superbly described in Kennedy, Thomas, British Quakerism, 1860–1920: The Transformation of a Religious Community (Oxford, 2001), pp. 157–210Google Scholar.

26 Allott, Stephen, John Wilhelm Rowntree, 1868–1905 (York, 1994)Google Scholar; Kennedy, Thomas, “What Hath Manchester Wrought? Change in the Religious Society of Friends, 1895–1920,” Journal of the Friends Historical Society 57 (1996): 277–305Google Scholar.

27 Rowntree, John Wilhelm, “What Has Jesus to Say to the State?” in John Wilhelm Rowntree: Essays and Addresses, ed. Rowntree, Joshua (London, 1906), pp. 378, 382Google Scholar.

28 The most recent collection of essays on Rowntree, Seebohm, Getting the Measure of Poverty: The Early Legacy of Seebohm Rowntree, ed. Bradshaw, Jonathan and Sainsbury, Roy (Aldershot, 2000)Google Scholar, mentions his Quakerism only in passing.

29 Kennedy, , British Quakerism, pp. 138–39Google Scholar; Briggs, Asa, Social Thought and Social Action: A Study of the Work of Seebohm Rowntree, 1871–1954 (London, 1961), pp. 12–16Google Scholar.

30 Briggs, , Social Thought, pp. 14–15Google Scholar.

31 Rowntree, Benjamin Seebohm, “The Repression of Gambling,” in Betting and Gambling: A National Evil, ed. Rowntree, Benjamin Seebohm (London, 1905), p. 188Google Scholar; see also Rowntree, Benjamin Seebohm, The Labourer and the Land (London, 1914), p. 57Google Scholar, for another declaration on religion and social reform.

32 On the book and its impact, see Briggs, , Social Thought, pp. 25–46Google Scholar.

33 Blackburn, Sheila, “Ideology and Social Policy: The Origins of the Trade Boards Act,” Historical Journal 34, no. 1 (1991): 43–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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35 Pimlott, John, Toynbee Hall: Fifty Years of Social Progress, 1884–1934 (London, 1935), pp. 188–89Google Scholar; E. Richard Cross: A Biographical Sketch with Literary Papers and Religious and Political Addresses, ed. Wilkinson, Marion (London, 1917), pp. 25–28, 49–51Google Scholar.

36 Land Enquiry Committee, The Land: The Report of the Land Enquiry Committee, 2 vols. (London, 1913), 1:1–67Google Scholar. Regarding Rowntree's and Cross's crucial role in moving the enquiry toward an urban minimum wage, see E. W. Davies Journal, 5 November 1913, National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, E. W. Davies Papers, MS A/7, Journals 1911–14, fol. 95.

37 Packer, Lloyd George, Liberalism, and the Land, pp. 100–104.

38 Edwin Montagu to Lloyd George, 12 June 1914, House of Lords Record Office, London, Lloyd George Papers, C/1/1/18; Packer, Lloyd George, Liberalism, and the Land, pp. 119–48.

39 Briggs, Social Thought, p. 78.

40 Vipont, Elfrida, Arnold Rowntree: A Life (London, 1955), pp. 25–26, 35–37, 43–44Google Scholar.

41 Arnold Rowntree to Mary Rowntree, 3 July 1907, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York, Rowntree Papers, L/93/29.

42 Vipont, Arnold Rowntree, p. 46.

43 Hansard, 5th ser., 52 (30 April 1913): 1204, “Question on a York Man Dismissed from the War Office”; Hansard, 5th ser., 60 (8 April 1914): 1955, “Question on York Telephone Service”; Arnold Rowntree to Mary Rowntree, 9 August 1911, 15 August 1911, Friends House, London, Tessa Cadbury Papers, Temporary MS 647.

44 Hansard, 5th ser., 51 (11 April 1913): 1562–66, “Speech on Conscription”; Hansard, 5th ser., 58 (24 February 1914): 1586–87, “Question on Fine Defaultors in Prison”; Hansard, 5th ser., 59 (10 March 1914): 1056, “Question on Coastguard Libraries.”

45 Hansard, 5th ser., 47 (30 January 1913): 1599–1604, “Speech on Railways (No. 2) Bill.”

46 Arnold Rowntree to Mary Rowntree, 5, 6, and 28 July 1911; 23 October 1911; and 1, 2, and 7 November 1911, Tessa Cadbury Papers, Temporary MS 647.

47 Hansard, 5th ser., 55 (15 July 1913): 1160–63; Arnold Rowntree to Mary Rowntree, 27 February 1912, 18 June 1912, and 2 July 1912, Friends House, London, Tessa Cadbury Papers, Temporary MS 647.

48 Vipont, Arnold Rowntree, pp. 22, 43–44.

49 Vernon, Anne, A Quaker Business Man: The Life of Joseph Rowntree, 1836–1925 (London, 1958), pp. 153–57, 160–63Google Scholar.

50 For the Rowntrees and the Nation, see Havighurst, Alfred F., Radical Journalist: H. W. Massingham (Cambridge, 1974), pp. 143–44, 153–55, 250–56, 294–302Google Scholar.

51 Duncum, Arthur, The Westminster Press Provincial Newspapers (London, 1952), pp. 3–5Google Scholar; Koss, Stephen, The Rise and Fall of the Political Press in Britain, 2 vols. (London, 1984), 2:42–43, 147–48, 172–73Google Scholar.

52 Joseph Rowntree Social Service Trust, minutes, 10 December 1907, 1 March 1910, Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust, York.

53 Armstrong, George, Memoirs of George Gilbert Armstrong: Journalist, Politician, Author, Preacher (London, 1944), pp. 81–90Google Scholar; Joseph Rowntree Social Service Trust, minutes, 1 October 1907, 10 December 1907, Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust, York.

54 Mathers, Helen, “Sheffield Municipal Politics, 1893–1926: Parties, Personalities and the Rise of Labour” (Ph.D. diss., University of Sheffield, 1980), pp. 118–55Google Scholar.

55 Joseph Rowntree Social Service Trust, minutes, 9 September 1909, Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust, York.

56 Sheffield Independent (17 December 1909).

57 Sheffield Independent (2 November 1910).

58 Sheffield Independent (3 November 1913). Oliver Wilson was Henry Wilson's younger son and chairman of the council's health committee.

59 Vipont, Arnold Rowntree, p. 31; Briggs, Social Thought, pp. 44–45; Yorkshire Evening Press (12 July 1904, 28 July 1904); Crichton, D. S. et al. , Towards a Municipal Policy for York (York, 1905)Google Scholar.

60 See Hills, Rodney, The Inevitable March of Labour? Electoral Politics in York, 1900–14, Borthwick Paper, no. 89 (York, 1996), pp. 12–21 regarding this processGoogle Scholar.

61 Yorkshire Gazette (4 July 1914, 18 July 1914, 1 August 1914).

62 Armstrong, Memories, pp. 94–95; North Eastern Daily Gazette (3 November 1913); Wasserstein, Bernard, The Secret Lives of Trebitsch Lincoln, 2d ed. (London, 1989), pp. 75–81, 84–89Google Scholar.

63 Joseph Rowntree Social Service Trust, minutes, 3 April 1912, 8 July 1912, 26 May 1913, 12 October 1914, 19 November 1915, 28 December 1916, Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust, York.

64 Arnold Rowntree to Mary Rowntree, 13 February 1908, Rowntree Papers, L/93/29, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York.

65 SirSlesser, Henry, Judgement Reserved (London, 1941), pp. 48–49Google Scholar.

66 Arnold Rowntree to Herbert Gladstone, 30 June 1903, British Library, London, Herbert Gladstone Papers, MS 46060, fols. 220–21; Northern Echo (4 January 1910).

67 Joseph Rowntree Social Service Trust, minutes, 31 May 1910, Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust, York.