No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Full-fat corn germ in diets for dairy cows as an alternative to ground corn
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 April 2023
Abstract
The experiments reported in this research paper address the effects of replacing ground corn (GC) with full-fat corn germ (FFCG) on nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen utilization efficiency, performance, and predicted methane production in dairy cows fed cactus cladodes and sugarcane. We hypothesized that the inclusion of FFCG in the diet would not alter the performance of lactating cows but would reduce the predicted methane production in vivo. Ten multiparous Holstein cows at 90 ± 10 d of lactation and yielding 24.2 ± 3.5 kg milk/d were assigned to dietary treatments consisting of different levels of replacement of GC by FFCG (0; 25; 50; 75 and 100% of diet dry matter) in a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Methane production was predicted using an automated gas in vitro production system. Except for ether extract intake, which increased, the intake of all nutrients decreased linearly with the replacement of GC by FFCG. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber reduced, whereas the digestibility of ether extract increased linearly with FFCG. There were no changes in the digestibility of crude protein. The nitrogen intake and daily excretion in urine and feces decreased, while nitrogen use efficiency increased linearly. There was no significant effect of diets on nitrogen balance or microbial protein synthesis and efficiency. The yield of protein, lactose and total solids in milk showed a quadratic behavior. On the other hand, milk fat yield and energy-corrected milk yield decreased linearly with the replacement of GC by FFCG. No effect on pH or ammonia nitrogen was observed. The production of methane (CH4, g/kg DM) and total CH4 (g/d), and CH4 intensity decreased linearly with the replacement of GC by FFCG. In conclusion, FFCG has been shown to be an effective source of fat to reduce methane production in dairy cows, partially supporting our initial hypothesis. However, as it decreases milk fat production, it is not recommended to replace more than 50% of GC by FFCG for lactating cows fed cactus cladodes and sugarcane.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Hannah Dairy Research Foundation
References
AOAC (2005) Official Methods of Analysis, 18th Edn. Washington, DC, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.Google Scholar
Bauman, DE, Harvatine, KJ and Lock, AL (2011) Nutrigenomics, rumen-derived bioactive fatty acids, and the regulation of milk fat synthesis. Annual Review of Nutrition 3, 299–319.Google Scholar
Baumgard, LH, Corl, BA, Dwyer, DA, Saebø, A and Bauman, DE (2000) Identification of the conjugated linoleic acid isomer that inhibits milk fat synthesis. American Journal of Physiology 278, R179–R184.Google ScholarPubMed
Boerman, JP and Lock, AL (2014) Effect of unsaturated fatty acids and triglycerides from soybeans on milk fat synthesis and biohydrogenation intermediates in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 97, 7031–7042.Google Scholar
Chagas, JC, Ramin, M, Exposito, RG, Smidt, H and Krizsan, SJ (2021) Effect of a low-methane diet on performance and microbiome in lactating dairy cows accounting for individual pre-trial methane emissions. Animals 11, 2597.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chaney, AL and Marbach, EP (1962) Modified reagents for determination of urea and ammonia. Clinical Chemistry 8, 130–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, XB and Gomes, MJ (1992) Estimation of Microbial Protein Supply to Sheep and Cattle Based on Urinary Excretion of Purine Derivatives – an Overview of the Technical Details. Occasional Publication 1992. Aberdeen, UK: International Feed Resources Unit, Rowett Research Institute.Google Scholar
Chizzotti, ML, Valadares Filho, SC, Valadares, RFD, Chizzotti, FHM and Thedeschi, LO (2008) Determination of creatinine excretion and evaluation of spot urine sampling in Holstein cattle. Livestock Science 113, 218–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conceição, MG, Ferreira, MA, Campos, JMS, Silva, JL, Detmann, E, Siqueira, MCBS, Barros, LJA and Costa, CTF (2016) Replacement of wheat bran with spineless cactus in sugarcane-based diets for steers. [Brazilian Journal of Animal Science] 45, 158–164.Google Scholar
Costa, A, López-Villalobos, N, Sneddon, N, Shalloo, L, Franzoi, M, Marchi, MD and Penasa, M (2019) Invited review: milk lactose – current status and future challenges in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 102, 5883–5898.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Detmann, E, Souza, MA and Valadares Filho, SC (2012) [Methods of Feed Analysis]. Visconde do Rio Branco, MG, Brazil: Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Ciência Animal.Google Scholar
Doreau, M and Ferlay, A (1995) Effect of dietary lipids on nitrogen metabolism in the rumen: a review. Livestock Production Science 43, 97–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González-Ronquillo, M, Balcells, J, Guada, JA and Vicente, F (2003) Purine derivative excretion in dairy cows: endogenous excretion and the effect of exogenous nucleic acid supply. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 1282–1291.Google Scholar
Harvatine, KJ and Allen, MS (2005) The effect of production level on feed intake, milk yield, and endocrine responses to two fatty acid supplements in lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 4018–4027.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hristov, AN, Kebreab, E, Niu, M, Oh, J, Bannink, A, Bayat, AR, Boland, TB, Brito, AF, Casper, DP, Crompton, LA, Dijkstra, J, Eugène, M, Garnsworthy, PC, Haque, N, Hellwing, ALF, Huhtanen, P, Kreuzer, M, Kuhla, B, Lund, P, Madsen, J, Martin, C, Moate, PJ, Muetzel, S, Munoz, C, Peiren, N, Powell, JM, Reynolds, CK, Schwarm, A, Shingfield, KJ, Storlien, TM, Weisbjerg, MR, Yanez-Ruiz, DR and Yu, Z (2018) Symposium review: uncertainties in enteric methane inventories, measurement techniques, and prediction models. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 6655–6674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ISO 9622/IDF 141 (2013) Milk and Liquid Milk Products – Guidelines for the 706 Application of Mid-Infrared Spectrometry, 2nd Edn. Geneva, BR, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, International Dairy Federation.Google Scholar
Jenkins, TC and Harvatine, KJ (2014) Lipid feeding and milk fat depression. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice 30, 623–642.Google Scholar
Jonker, A, Lowe, K, Kittelmann, S, Janssen, SH, Ledgard, S and Pacheco, D (2016) Methane emissions changed nonlinearly with graded substitution of alfalfa silage with corn silage and corn grain in the diet of sheep and relation with rumen fermentation characteristics in vivo and in vitro. Journal of Animal Science 94, 3464–3475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knapp, JR, Laur, GL, Vadas, PA, Weiss, WP and Tricarico, JM (2014) Invited review: enteric methane in dairy cattle production: quantifying the opportunities and impact of reducing emissions. Journal of Dairy Science 97, 3231–3261.Google Scholar
Licitra, G, Hernandez, TM and Van Soest, PJ (1996) Standardization of procedures for nitrogen fractionation of ruminant feeds. Animal Feed Science Technology 57, 347–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mao, HL, Wang, JK, Zhou, YY and Liu, JX (2010) Effects of addition of tea saponins and soybean oil on methane production, fermentation and microbial population in the rumen of growing lambs. Livestock Science 129, 56–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menke, KH and Steingass, H (1988) Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research & Development 28, 7–12.Google Scholar
Mertens, DR (2002) Gravimetric determination of amylase treated neutral detergent fiber in feeds with refluxing in beaker or crucibles: collaborative study. Journal of AOAC International 85, 1217–1240.Google ScholarPubMed
Miller, WF, Shirley, JE, Titgemeyer, EC and Brouk, MJ (2009) Comparison of full-fat corn germ, whole cottonseed, and tallow as fat sources for lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 3386–3391.Google Scholar
Muñoz, C, Sánchez, R, Peralta, AMT, Espíndola, S, Yand, T, Moralesa, R and Ungerfelde, EM (2019) Effects of feeding unprocessed oilseeds on methane emission, nitrogen utilization efficiency and milk fatty acid profile of lactating dairy cows. Animal Feed Science & Technology 249, 18–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NRC (National Research Council) (2001) Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 7th revised Edn. Washington, DC, USA: The National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Palmquist, DL and Jenkins, TC (2017) A 100-year review: fat feeding of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 10061–10077.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramin, M and Huhtanen, P (2012) Development of an in vitro method for determination of methane production kinetics using a fully automated in vitro gas system: a modeling approach. Animal Feed Science & Technology 174, 190–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SAS (Statistical Analysis System) (2012) SAS/STAT® 9.4 User's Guide. Cary, NC, USA: SAS Institute Inc.Google Scholar
Tyrrel, HF and Reid, JT (1965) Prediction of the energy value of cows milk. Journal of Dairy Science 48, 1215–1223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valadares, RFD, Broderick, GA, Valadares Filho, SC and Clayton, MK (1999) Effect of replacing alfalfa with high moisture corn on ruminal protein synthesis estimated from excretion of total purine derivatives. Journal of Dairy Science 8, 2686–2696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vargas, JE, Andrés, S, López-Ferreras, L, Snelling, TJ, Yáñez-Ruíz, DR, Garcia-Estrada, C and López, S (2020) Dietary supplemental plant oils reduce methanogenesis from anaerobic microbial fermentation in the rumen. Scientific Reports 10, 1613.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verbic, J, Chen, XB, Macleod, NA and Orskov, ER (1990) Excretion of purine derivatives by ruminants. Effect of microbial nucleic acid infusion on purine derivative excretion by steers. Journal of Agricultural Science 114, 243–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Netto et al. supplementary material
File
167 KB