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⁵⁰ For methodological issues raised by the 1851 census see Church and chapel in early Victorian Shropshire, ed. Clive Field (Shropshire Record Series viii, 2004), pp. xiii–xxv.

⁵¹ [Gaskin, John], A just defence … of gospel ministers, London 1660 (Wing G.290)Google Scholar, sig. ARV; Original records, iii. 120; Braithwaite, William, The second period of Quakerism, 2nd edn,Cambridge 1961, 457Google Scholar; Reay, Barry, The Quakers and the English revolution, London 1985, 26–7Google Scholar.

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⁵⁶ Rowntree, Quakerism, 88; Hall, ‘Membership’, 97; Currie, , Gilbert, and Horsley, , Churches and churchgoers, 156, 159–60Google Scholar.

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⁵⁸ HCP, 1852–3, lxxxix, p. clxxxii; Watts, Dissenters, ii. 28.

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⁶³ Watts, Dissenters, i. 269–70, 505, 509–10; ii. 23, 29, 81.

⁶⁴ Ivimey, Joseph, A history of the English Baptists, London 1811–30, iii. 278–9Google Scholar; iv. 13–21; Langley, Arthur, ‘Baptist ministers in England about 1750 ad’, Transactions of the Baptist Historical Society vi (1918–19), 138–62Google Scholar; Whitley, William, A history of British Baptists, 2nd edn, London 1932, 224Google Scholar; Alan Gilbert, ‘The growth and decline of Nonconformity in England and Wales’, unpubl. DPhil diss. Oxford 1973, 45; Gilbert, Religion, 37; Currie, , Gilbert, and Horsley, , Churches and churchgoers, 151Google Scholar; Gilbert, ‘Methodism’, 394.

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⁶⁷ Baptist Annual Register i (1790–3), 175; iii (1798–1801), 1–43; Ivimey, English Baptists, iv. 62, 74; Wood, Condensed history, 287–9; Cramp, John, Baptist history, London 1868, 542Google Scholar; Minutes of the general assembly of the General Baptist churches, ed. William Whitley, London 1909–10, i, pp. lvi–lxvi; Payne, Ernest, The Baptist Union, London 1958, 267Google Scholar; Gilbert, ‘Growth’, 45, 49, 54, and Religion, 37; Currie, Gilbert and Horsley, Churches and churchgoers, 147, 151; Bassett, T. M., The Welsh Baptists, Swansea 1977, 93Google Scholar; Gilbert, ‘Methodism’, 394; Watts, Dissenters, ii. 81; Rinaldi, Tribe, 213.

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⁷⁰ The Record, 26 Sept. 1839.

⁷¹ Matheson, Our country, 55–6.

⁷² HCP, 1852–3, lxxxix, p. clxxxii; Watts, Dissenters, ii. 28.

⁷³ Original records. iii. 120.

⁷⁴ Watts, Dissenters, i. 269–70, 505, 509–10; ii. 23, 29.

⁷⁵ Gilbert, ‘Growth’, 45, 54; Religion, 37; and ‘Methodism’, 394; Currie, Gilbert and Horsley, Churches and churchgoers, 147, 151.

⁷⁶ CM n.s. x (1834), supplement.

⁷⁷ Gilbert, ‘Growth’, 45–7, 54–61; Religion, 37; and ‘Methodism’, 394; Currie, Gilbert and Horsley, Churches and churchgoers, 148.

⁷⁸ Certainly, the Congregational member/hearer ratio is based on fewer chapels than in the Baptist case since there is no Congregational equivalent to the Baptist Magazine listing. The overall Congregational ratio may also have been skewed by a handful of returns in 1834, for instance Liverpool where 6.3 hearers per member were claimed.

⁷⁹ Matheson, Our country, 55–6.

⁸⁰ Conder, Analytical … view, 421.

⁸¹ The Record, 26 Sept. 1839.

⁸² HCP, 1852–3, lxxxix, p. clxxxii; Watts, Dissenters, ii. 28.

⁸³ Original records, iii. 120.

⁸⁴ Watts, Dissenters, i. 269–70, 509–10; ii. 23, 29.

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⁸⁶ Unitarian Chronicle i (1832), 145–7, 196–9, 234–5; ii (1833), 16–17, 54, 93, 127–8, 280–1; CM n.s. ix (1833), 28; The Record, 26 Sept. 1839; Webb, Robert, ‘Views of Unitarianism’, TUHS xviii (1983–6), 180–95Google Scholar at pp. 180–2.

⁸⁷ HCP, 1852–3, lxxxix, p. clxxxii; Watts, Dissenters, ii. 28.

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⁸⁹ HCP, 1852–3, lxxxix, p. clxxxii; Watts, Dissenters, ii. 28.

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¹⁰⁴ HCP, 1852–3, lxxxix, p. lxxxii; Currie, Gilbert and Horsley, Churches and churchgoers, 140–1.

¹⁰⁵ CM n.s. x (1834), supplement.

¹⁰⁶ HCP, 1852–3, lxxxix, p. clxxxii; Watts, Dissenters, ii. 28.

¹⁰⁷ CM n.s. v (1829), 690.

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¹²⁶ Jones, Dictionary, 55.

¹²⁷ The Record, 26 Sept. 1839; Currie, Gilbert and Horsley, Churches and churchgoers, 148.

¹²⁸ Conder, Analytical … view, 421.

¹²⁹ HCP, 1852–3, lxxxix, p. clxxxii; Watts, Dissenters, ii. 28.

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¹⁵² The population base has been calculated as follows. For England in 1680, 1720 and 1760 the mean has been taken of the recent estimates made by back-projection and generalised inverse projection by the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure: Wrigley, Anthony and Schofield, Roger, The population history of England, London 1981Google Scholar, and Wrigley, Anthony, Davies, R. S., Oeppen, Jim and Schofield, Roger, English population history from family reconstitution, Cambridge 1997CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For Wales in these years the older estimates reproduced in Williams, John, Digest of Welsh historical statistics, Cardiff 1985Google Scholar, have been used. Estimates for 1800 and 1840 are census-derived: Mitchell, B. R., British historical statistics, Cambridge 1988Google Scholar.

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¹⁵⁶ Miller, John, Popery and politics in England, Cambridge 1973, 9–11Google Scholar; Bossy, John, The English Catholic community, London 1975, 188–9Google Scholar; Compton census, pp. lxxvii, cxxiii–cxxiv; Bishop Leyburn's confirmation register, ed. J. A. Hilton, Allan Mitchinson, Barbara Murray and Peggy Wells, Wigan 1997.

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¹⁵⁸ HLRO, Main Papers, 1 Mar. 1706, and references at http://www.brin.ac.uk/sources/2531.

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¹⁶⁴ HLRO, Main Papers, 5 Mar. 1781.

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¹⁶⁶ Lesourd, ‘Catholiques’, Information Historique, 37; unpubl. DLitt diss. ii. 321–6; and Sociologie, 31, 44–7; Williams, ‘Change or decay?’, 31; Sheils, ‘Catholicism’, 248. Currie, Gilbert and Horsley venture (without explanation) 120,000 in 1781: Churches and churchgoers, 50.

¹⁶⁷ Lesourd, ‘Catholiques’, Information Historique, 37; unpubl. DLitt diss. ii. 327; and Sociologie, 46, 97–102, 159.

¹⁶⁸ Currie, Gilbert and Horsley, Churches and churchgoers, 23, 25; cf. Ward, Bernard, The eve of Catholic emancipation, London 1911–12, i. 18, 186Google Scholar; Carson, ‘Multiplication’, 21–3.

¹⁶⁹ Williams, Dictionary, 302; Morris, John, ‘Catholic England in modern times’, The Month lxxiv (1892), 356–74Google Scholar at p. 374; Ward, Eve of Catholic emancipation, i. 186; ii. 53; Watkin, Roman Catholicism, 158; Steel and Samuel, Sources, 837; Currie, Gilbert and Horsley, Churches and churchgoers, 25.

¹⁷⁰ Hulbert, Religions, 462; Brady, Annals, 192, 227. 276, 312; Currie, Gilbert and Horsley, Churches and churchgoers, 25.

¹⁷¹ McCulloch, Statistical account, ii. 416; [Wylie, Macleod], The progress of popery, London 1838, 7Google Scholar; Statistics of popery, 3rd edn, London 1839, 37Google Scholar; Catholic Directory (1840), 60; Morris, ‘Catholic England’, 374; Herbert Thurston, ‘Statistical progress of the Catholic Church’, in Catholic emancipation, London 1929, 245–64 at pp. 253–7; Carson, ‘Multiplication’, 21; Philip Hughes, ‘The English Catholics in 1850’, in George Beck (ed.), The English Catholics, London 1950, 42–85 at p. 44; Gilbert, Religion, 46; Currie, Gilbert and Horsley, Churches and churchgoers, 25, 154.

¹⁷² HCP, 1852–3, lxxxix, p. clxxxii; Watts, Dissenters, ii. 28.

¹⁷³ Connolly, Gerard, ‘“With more than ordinary devotion to God”’, North West Catholic History x (1983), 8–31Google Scholar at pp. 12–14, and ‘The transubstantiation of myth’, this Journal xxxv (1984), 78–104 at pp. 88–90.

¹⁷⁴ Although some Muslims came as slaves and servants in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and as seamen and traders in the early nineteenth century, there was limited permanent Muslim settlement during this period: Matar, Nabil, ‘Muslims in seventeenth-century England’, Journal of Islamic Studies viii (1997), 63–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Islam in Britain, 1559–1685, Cambridge 1998Google Scholar; ‘Islam in Britain, 1689–1750’, Journal of British Studies xlvii (2008), 284–300Google Scholar; and ‘Britons and Muslims in the early modern period’, Patterns of Prejudice xliii (2009), 213–31Google Scholar, repr. in Malik, Maleiha (ed.), Anti-Muslim prejudice, London 2010, 7–25Google Scholar; Ansari, Humayun, The infidel within, London 2004, 26–40Google Scholar; Gilliat-Ray, Sophie, Muslims in Britain, Cambridge 2010, 13–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹⁷⁶ Tovey, D'Bloissiers, Anglia-Judaica, Oxford 1738, 302Google Scholar; Lipman, Social history, 6; Endelman, Todd, The Jews of Georgian England, Philadelphia 1979, 172Google Scholar.

¹⁷⁷ Philo-Patriae, , Considerations on the bill to permit persons professing the Jewish religion to be naturalized, London 1753, 17Google Scholar; Hyamson, Albert, A history of the Jews in England, 2nd edn, London 1928, 221Google Scholar; Roth, History of the Jews in England, 223; Lipman, Social history, 6; Endelman, Jews of Georgian England, 172; Katz, Jews in the history of England, 250.

¹⁷⁸ Wendeborn, View of England, ii. 468; Endelman, Jews of Georgian England, 172.

¹⁷⁹ Colquhoun, Patrick, A treatise on the police of the metropolis, 5th edn, London 1797, 120Google Scholar; Lipman, Social history, 6; Endelman, Jews of Georgian England, 172; Jonathan Campbell, ‘The Jewish community in Britain’, in Gilley and Sheils, History, 427–48 at p. 432; Katz, Jews in the history of England, 317.

¹⁸⁰ Samuel, Moses, An address from an Israelite, Liverpool 1827, 4Google Scholar; Pellatt, Apsley, Brief memoir of the Jews, London 1829, p. ivGoogle Scholar; Blunt, John, A history of the establishment … of the Jews, London 1830, 75Google Scholar; Goldsmid, Francis, Remarks on the civil disabilities of British Jews, London 1830, 69–71Google Scholar; Hyamson, History, 260; Roth, History of the Jews in England, 239; Lipman, Social history, 7; Endelman, Jews of Georgian England, 341.

¹⁸¹ Hannah Neustatter, ‘Demographic and other statistical aspects of Anglo–Jewry’, in Maurice Freedman (ed.), A minority in Britain, London 1955, 53–133, 243–62 at p. 261.

¹⁸² HCP, 1852–3, lxxxix, p. clxxxii; Lipman, Vivian, ‘A survey of Anglo–Jewry in 1851’, Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England xvii (1951–2), 171–88Google Scholar.

¹⁸³ Thomas, Keith, Religion and the decline of magic, Harmondsworth 1973, 198–206Google Scholar; Gerald Aylmer, ‘Unbelief in seventeenth-century England’, in Donald Pennington and Keith Thomas (eds), Puritans and revolutionaries, Oxford 1978, 1–21; Hunter, Michael, ‘The problem of “atheism” in early modern England’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 5th ser. xxxv (1985), 135–57Google Scholar; Berman, David, A history of atheism in Britain, London 1988Google Scholar; Priestman, Martin, Romantic atheism, Cambridge 1999Google Scholar.

¹⁸⁴ Aston, Nigel and Cragoe, Matthew (eds), Anticlericalism in Britain, Thrupp 2000Google Scholar; Jacob, William, The clerical profession in the long eighteenth century, Oxford 2007, 291–303Google Scholar.

¹⁸⁵ Nash, David, Blasphemy in modern Britain, Aldershot 1999Google Scholar.

¹⁸⁶ Field, Clive, ‘Churchgoing in the cradle of English Christianity’, Archaeologia Cantiana cxxviii (2008), 335–63Google Scholar at p. 346.

¹⁸⁷ For example, in the diocese of Chester in 1804 and 1811: McLeod, Hugh, Religion and the working class in nineteenth-century Britain, London 1984, 20–1Google Scholar; Field, ‘A shilling’, 240.

¹⁸⁸ Groth Lyon, Eileen, Politicians in the pulpit, Aldershot 1999Google Scholar.

¹⁸⁹ Royle, Edward, Radical politics, 1790–1900, London 1971Google Scholar; Victorian infidels, Manchester 1974; The infidel tradition, London 1976; and ‘Secularists and rationalists, 1800–1940’, in Gilley and Sheils, History, 406–22.

¹⁹⁰ For example, JSSL ii (1839–40), 374; iii (1840–1), 19; vi (1843), 21; xi (1848), 215.

¹⁹¹ Gentleman's Magazine xvii (1747), 326.

¹⁹² Bodleian Library, Oxford, ms Top. Cheshire b 1, p. 129; Heginbotham, Henry, Stockport, London 1882–92, 87Google Scholar.

¹⁹³ Young, Arthur, General view of the agriculture of … Suffolk, 3rd edn,London 1804, 331Google Scholar.

¹⁹⁴ Hume, Abraham, Missions at home, London 1850, 24–5, 29Google Scholar; HCP, 1851 ix, pp. 117–22; cf. JSSL ii (1839–40), 374; iii (1840–1), 19; vi (1843), 21, 255; xi (1848), 215.

¹⁹⁵ Currie, , Gilbert, and Horsley, , Churches and churchgoers, 223Google Scholar.

¹⁹⁶ Field, ‘A shilling’, 221–45.

¹⁹⁷ Gilbert, Religion, 11–12, 28; Currie, Gilbert and Horsley, Churches and churchgoers, 22–3, 25–6, 85. Also to be found here, and of limited worth, are back-projections to 1800 of national totals for Anglican communicants.

¹⁹⁸ Gill, Robin, The myth of the empty church, London 1993, 17, 169, 296–7Google Scholar, and The ‘empty’ church revisited, Aldershot 2003, 13, 124.

¹⁹⁹ Obelkevich, Religion, 137–43; Barrie-Curien, Clergé, 312–19, 334–8, 431; Smith, Religion, 51–3, 244; Knight, Nineteenth-century Church, 80–2; Jacob, Lay people, 57–61; Spaeth, Church in an age of danger, 176–88; Gregory, Restoration, 262–70; Snape, Church of England, 16–19; Field, ‘A shilling’, 233–4; Marshall, Church life, 98–104.

²⁰⁰ CM n.s. x (1834), supplement; Monthly Repository n.s. viii (1834), 69.

²⁰¹ Field, Clive, ‘A godly people?’, Southern History xiv (1992), 46–73 at pp. 50–3Google Scholar; ‘Counting the flock’, Norfolk Archaeology xliii (1998–2001), 317–26; ‘A shilling’, 221–45; and ‘Churchgoing’, 339–49.

²⁰² HCP, 1818, xviii, p. 215.

²⁰³ Soloway, Richard, Prelates and people, London 1969, 306–15Google Scholar; Field, ‘Godly people’, 53–4; Gill, ‘Empty’ church, 13, 81, 220–4, 248–9.

²⁰⁴ HCP, 1852–3, lxxxix, p. clxxxii; Watts, Dissenters, ii. 28.

²⁰⁵ Dallas, Alexander, Pastoral superintendence, London 1841, 141Google Scholar. In a slum district of Liverpool, however, more than two-thirds of nominal Anglicans neglected worship: Hume, Missions, 29.

²⁰⁶ Mann, Horace, ‘On the statistical position of religious bodies’, JSSL xviii (1855), 141–59Google Scholar at pp. 152–3.

²⁰⁷ For example, Religion in Hertfordshire, 1847 to 1851, ed. Judith Burg (Hertfordshire Record Publications xi, 1995), p. xxix; Yorkshire returns of the 1851 census of religious worship, ed. John Wolffe (Borthwick Texts and Calendars xxv, 2000), p. v; Church and chapel in … Shropshire, p. xxiii.

²⁰⁸ Gilbert, Memoir, 351; Spinks, Allen and Parkes, Religion in Britain, 15–16.

²⁰⁹ This is suggested by Clark, Jonathan, English society, 1688–1832, Cambridge 1985Google Scholar, and English society, 1660–1832, Cambridge 2000Google Scholar.

²¹⁰ Brown, Callum, The death of Christian Britain, 2nd edn, London 2009Google Scholar.