Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-xtgtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-16T22:48:52.937Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Industrial Revolution and the Industrious Revolution

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2009

Jan de Vries
Affiliation:
Professor of History and Economics at the University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720.

Abstract

The Industrial Revolution as a historical concept has many shortcomings. A new concept—the “industrious revolution”—is proposed to place the Industrial Revolution in a broader historical setting. The industrious revolution was a process of household-based resource reallocation that increased both the supply of marketed commodities and labor and the demand for market-supplied goods. The industrious revolution was a household-level change with important demand-side features that preceded the Industrial Revolution, a supply-side phenomenon. It has implications for nineteenth- and twentieth-century economic history.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Economic History Association 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Anderson, Michael, Family Structure in Nineteenth Century Lancashire (Cambridge, 1971).Google Scholar
Appleby, Joyce, Economic Thought and Ideology in Seventeenth-Century England (Princeton, 1978).Google Scholar
Bairoch, Paul, De Jéricho à Mexico: Villes et économie dans l'histoire (Paris, 1985), transláted as Cities and Economic Development (Chicago, 1988).Google Scholar
Becker, Gary, “A Theory of the Allocation of Time,” The Economic Journal, 75 (1965), pp. 493517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, Gary, A Treatise on the Family (Cambridge, MA, 1981).Google Scholar
Bell, Daniel, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (New York, 1976).Google Scholar
Berg, Maxine, The Age of Manufactures, 1700–1820 (Oxford, 1986).Google Scholar
Berg, Maxine, and Hudson, Pat, “Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution,” Economic History Review, 45 (1992), pp. 2450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, Maxine, Hudson, Pat, and Sonenscher, Michael, eds., Manufacture in Town and Country Before the Factory (Cambridge, 1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouwsma, William J., “The Renaissance and the Drama of Western History,” American Historical Review, 84 (1979), pp. 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braudel, Fernand, and Spooner, Frank, “Prices in Europe from 1450–1750,” in Rich, E. E. and Wilson, C. H., eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe (Cambridge, 1967), vol. IV, pp. 374486.Google Scholar
Braun, Rudolf, Industrialisierung und Volksleben: Die Veranderungen der Lebensformen in einem Ländlichen Industriegebiet vor 1800 (Erlenbach-Zürich and Stuttgart, 1960).Google Scholar
Brewer, John, and Porter, Roy, eds., Consumption and the World of Goods (London, 1993).Google Scholar
Brown, Clair, “Consumption Norms, Work Roles, and Economic Growth, 1918–80,” in Brown, Clair and Pechman, Joseph, eds., Gender in the Workplace (Washington, DC, 1987).Google Scholar
Cairncross, A. K., “Economic Schizophrenia,” Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 5 (1958), pp. 1522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, Rondo, France and the Economic Development of Europe (Princeton, 1961).Google Scholar
Campbell, Colin, The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism (London, 1989).Google Scholar
Cannadine, David N., “The Past and the Present in the Industrial Revolution,” Past and Present, 103 (1984), pp. 131–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, Lois Green, and Walsh, Lorna S., “The Standard of Living in the Colonial Chesapeake,” William and Mary Quarterly, 45 (3rd series, 1988), pp. 135–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clapham, J. H., “The Transference of the Worsted Industry from Norfolk to the West Riding,” The Economic Journal, 20 (1910), pp. 195210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, Gregory, “Productivity Growth Without Technical Change in European Agriculture Before 1850,” this Journal, 47 (1987), pp. 419–32.Google Scholar
Coats, A. W., “Changing Attitudes to Labour in the Mid-Eighteenth Century,” Economic History Review, 11 (2nd series, 1958), pp. 3551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, D. C, “Labour in the English Economy of the Seventeenth Century,” Economic History Review, 8 (2nd series, 1956), pp. 280–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, D. C, “Proto-Industrialization: A Concept Too Many,” Economic History Review, 36 (1983), pp. 435–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowan, Ruth Schwartz, More Work for Mother (New York, 1983).Google Scholar
Crafts, N. F. R., British Economic Growth During the Industrial Revolution (Oxford, 1985).Google Scholar
Crafts, N. F. R., “English Workers' Real Wages During the Industrial Revolution: Some Remaining Problems,” this Journal, 45 (1985), pp. 139–44.Google Scholar
Crafts, N. F. R., and Harley, C. Knick, “Output Growth and the Industrial Revolution: A Restatement of the Crafts-Harley Views,” Economic History Review, 45 (1992), pp. 703–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cross, Gary, Time and Money: The Making of Consumer Culture (London, 1993).Google Scholar
Delasselle, Claude, “Les Enfants abandonnés à Paris au XVIIIe siècle,” Annales E.S.C., 30 (1975), pp. 187218.Google Scholar
de Vries, Jan, “Between Purchasing Power and the World of Goods: Understanding the Household Economy in Early Modern Europe,” in John, Brewer and Porter, Roy, eds., Consumption and the World of Goods (London, 1993), pp. 85132.Google Scholar
de Vries, Jan, European Urbanization, 1500–1800 (London and Cambridge, MA, 1984).Google Scholar
de Vries, Jan, The Dutch Rural Economy in the Golden Age, 1500–1700 (New Haven, 1974).Google Scholar
Dupâquier, Jacques, Le Petit, Guy Cabourdin Bernard et al. , eds., Histoire de la Population Française, (Paris, 1988), vol. 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earle, Peter, The Making of the English Middle Class: Business, Society and Family Life in London, 1660–1730 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1989).Google Scholar
Ferguson, Wallace K., The Renaissance in Historical Thought (New York, 1948).Google Scholar
Flinn, Michael, The European Demographic System, 1500–1820 (Baltimore, 1981).Google Scholar
Fox, Richard W., and Lears, T. J. Jackson, eds., The Culture of Consumption: Critical Essays in American History, 1880–1980 (New York, 1983).Google Scholar
Furniss, Edgar, The Position of Labour in a System of Nationalism (New York, 1919).Google Scholar
Hagenaars, A. J. M., and Wunderink-van Veen, S. R., Soo gewonne soo veteert: Economie van de huishoudelijke sector (Leiden and Antwerp, 1990).Google Scholar
Hajnal, John, “European Marriage Patterns in Perspective,” in Glass, D. V. and Eversley, D. E. C., eds., Population in History (Chicago, 1965), pp. 101–43.Google Scholar
Harley, C. Knick, “British Industrialization Before 1841: Evidence of Slower Growth During the Industrial Revolution,” this Journal, 42 (1982), pp. 267–89.Google Scholar
Henry, Louis, Anciennes famillies Genevoises: Etude démographique, XVIe-XXe siècle (Paris, 1956).Google Scholar
Hirschman, Albert O., The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism Before its Triumph (Princeton, 1977).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hohenberg, Paul M., and Lees, Lynn Hollen, The Making of Urban Europe, 1000–1950 (Cambridge, MA, 1985).Google Scholar
Horowitz, David, The Morality of Spending: Attitudes Toward the Consumer Society in America, 1875–1940 (Baltimore, 1985).Google Scholar
Hudson, Pat, The Industrial Revolution (London, 1992).Google Scholar
Hunnicutt, Benjamin, Work Without End: Abandoning Shorter Hours for the Right to Work (Philadelphia, 1988).Google Scholar
Hymer, Stephen, and Resnick, Stephen, “A Model of an Agrarian Economy with Nonagricultural Activities,” American Economic Review, 59 (1969), pp. 493506.Google Scholar
Jackson, R. V., “Rates of Industrial Growth During the Industrial Revolution,” Economic History Review, 45 (1992), pp. 123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Eric L., ed., Agriculture and Economic Growth in England, 1650–1815 (London, 1967).Google Scholar
Kok, Jan, “The Moral Nation: Illegitimacy and Bridal Pregnancy in the Netherlands from 1600 to the Present,” Economic and Society History in the Netherlands, 2 (1990), pp. 736.Google Scholar
Kriedte, P., Medick, H., and Schlumbohm, J., eds., Industrialisierung vor der industrialisierung (Göttingen, 1977); translated as Industrialization Before Industrialization (Cambridge, 1981).Google Scholar
Kussmaul, Ann, A General View of the Rural Economy of England, 1583–1840 (Cambridge, 1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laqueur, Thomas, “Sex and Desire in the Industrial Revolution,” in Patrick, O'Brien and Quinault, Roland, eds., The Industrial Revolution and British Society (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 100–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lasch, Christopher, The Culture of Narcissism (New York, 1978).Google Scholar
Laslett, Peter, Family Life and Illicit Love in Earlier Generations (Cambridge, 1977).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laslett, Peter, “Introduction: Comparing Illegitimacy Over Time and Between Cultures, in Peter, Laslett, Oosterveen, K., and Smith, R. M., eds., Bastardy and its Comparative History (London, 1980), pp. 164.Google Scholar
Laslett, Peter, The World We Have Lost: England Before the Industrial Age (New York, 1965).Google Scholar
Levine, David, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977).Google Scholar
Linder, Staffan B., The Harried Leisure Class (New York, 1970).Google Scholar
Lindert, Peter H., and Williamson, Jeffrey G., “English Workers' Living Standards During the Industrial Revolution: A New Look,” Economic History Review, 36 (2nd Series, 1983), pp. 125.Google Scholar
Lindert, Peter H., and Williamson, Jeffrey G., “Reinterpreting England's Social Tables, 1688–1913,” Explorations in Economic History, 20 (1983), pp. 94109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindert, Peter H., and Williamson, Jeffrey G., “Revising England's Social Tables, 1688–1812,” Explorations in Economic History, 19 (1982), pp. 385408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Main, Gloria L., and Main, Jackson T., “Economic Growth and the Standard of Living in Southern New England, 1640–1774,” this Journal, 48 (1988), pp. 2746.Google Scholar
Mandeville, Bernard, The Fable of the Bees: or, Private Vices, Publick Benefits (London, 1705, 1714, 1728; modern edition, Kaye, F. B., ed., Oxford, 1924).Google Scholar
Mathias, Peter, “Leisure and Wages in Theory and Practice,” in Peter, Mathias, The Transformation of England (London, 1979).Google Scholar
McKendrick, Neil, “Home Demand and Economic Growth: A New View of the Role of Women and Children in the Industrial Revolution,” in Neil, McKendrick, ed., Historical Perspectives: Studies in English Thought and Society in Honour of J. H. Plumb (London, 1974), pp. 152210.Google Scholar
McKendrick, Neil, Brewer, John, and Plumb, J. H., eds., The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England (Bloomington, IN, 1982).Google Scholar
Medick, Hans, “The Proto-industrial Family Economy: The Structural Function of Household and Family during the Transition from Peasant Society to Industrial Capitalism,” Social History, 1 (1976), pp. 291315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendels, Franklin, “Agriculture and Peasant Industry in Eighteenth-Century Flanders,” in Parker, William N. and Jones, Eric L., eds., European Peasants and their Markets. Essays in Agrarian History (Princeton, 1975), pp. 179204.Google Scholar
Mendels, Franklin, “Des industries rurales à la protoindustrialisation: histoire d'un changement de perspective,” Annales E.S.C., 39 (1984), pp. 9771008.Google Scholar
Mendels, Franklin, “Protoindustrialization: The First Phase of the Industrialization Process,” this Journal, 32 (1972), pp. 241–61.Google Scholar
Mendels, Franklin, and Deyon, Pierre, “Programme de la section A-2 du Huitième Congrès International d'Histoire économique: La protoindustrialization. Théorie et réalitè,” Revue du Nord, 68 (1981), pp. 2134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitch, David, “The Role of Human Capital in the First Industrial Revolution,” in Joel, Mokyr, ed., The British Industrial Revolution: An Economic Perspective (Boulder, CO, 1993), pp. 267307.Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel, “Demand vs. Supply in the Industrial Revolution,” this Journal, 37 (1977), pp. 9811008; reprinted in Joel, Mokyr, ed., The Economics of the Industrial Revolution (Totowa, NJ, 1985), pp. 97–118.Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel, Industrialization in the Low Countries, 1795–1850 (New Haven, 1976).Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel, ed., The British Industrial Revolution: An Economic Perspective (Boulder, CO, 1993).Google Scholar
Nicholas, Stephen, and Oxley, Deborah, “The Living Standards of Women During the Industrial Revolution, 1795–1820,” Economic History Review, 46 (1993), pp. 723–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Brien, Patrick K., “Introduction: Modern Conceptions of the Industrial Revolution,” in O'Brien, Patrick K. and Quinault, Roland, eds., The Industrial Revolution and British Society (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phelps, Brown E. H., and Hopkins, Sheila, A Perspective of Wages and Prices (London, 1981).Google Scholar
Pollard, Sidney, The Genesis of Modern Management (Harmondsworth, 1965), p. 106.Google Scholar
Popenoe, David, Disturbing the Nest (New York, 1988).Google Scholar
Reid, Douglas A., “The Decline of Saint Monday, 1766–1876,” Past and Present, 71 (1976), pp. 76101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rule, John, The Experience of Labour in Eighteenth Century England (London, 1981).Google Scholar
Rybczynski, Witwold, Waiting for the Weekend (New York, 1991).Google Scholar
Sabean, David, Property, Production, and Family in Neckarhausen, 1700–1870 (Cambridge, 1990).Google Scholar
Samuelson, Paul A., “Social Indifference Curves,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70 (1956), pp. 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schofield, R. S., “Dimensions of Illiteracy,” Explorations in Economic History, 10 (1973), pp. 437–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schor, Juliet B., The Overworked American (N.p.: Basic Books, 1991).Google Scholar
Schumpeter, Joseph, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (New York, 1942).Google Scholar
Scott, Joan, and Tilly, Louise, “Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth Century Europe,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 17 (1975), pp. 3664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seccombe, Wally, “Patriarchy Stabilized: The Construction of the Male Breadwinner Wage Norm in Nineteenth-Century Britain,” Social History, 11 (1986), pp. 5376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shammas, Carole, The Preindustrial Consumer in England and America (Oxford, 1990).Google Scholar
Shorter, Edward, Knodel, John, and van der Walle, Etienne, “The Decline of Non-Marital Fertility in Europe, 1880–1940,” Population Studies, 25 (1971), pp. 375–95.Google ScholarPubMed
Slicher van Bath, B. H., The Agrarian History of Western Europe, 500–1850 (London, 1963).Google Scholar
Söderberg, J., “Real Wage Trends in Urban Europe, 1750–1850,” Social History, 12 (1987), pp. 155–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Söderberg, Johan, Jonsson, Ulf, and Persson, Christer, A Stagnating Metropolis: The Economy and Demography of Stockholm, 1750–1850 (Cambridge, 1991).Google Scholar
Steuart, Sir James, An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Œconomy (London, 1767); reprinted, edited, and with an introduction by Skinner, Andrew S. (Edinburgh, 1966).Google Scholar
Thirsk, Joan, ed., The Agrarian History of England and Wales (Cambridge, 1967), vol. IV; (Cambridge, 1984, 1985), vol. V.Google Scholar
Thompson, E. P., “Time, Work, Discipline and Industrial Capitalism,” Past and Present, 38 (1967), pp. 5697.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vichert, Gordon, “The Theory of Conspicuous Consumption in the 18th Century,” in Hughes, Peter and Williams, David, eds., The Varied Pattern: Studies in the 18th Century (Toronto, 1971), pp. 253–68.Google Scholar
Weatherill, Lorna, Consumer Behavior and Material Culture, 1660–1760) (London, 1988).Google Scholar
Wijsenbeek–Olthuis, Thera, Achter de gevels van Delft: Bezit en bestaan van rijk en arm in een periode van achteruitgang (1700–1800) (Hilversum, 1987).Google Scholar
Wrigley, E. A., “A Simple Model of London's Importance in Changing English Society and Economy,” Past and Present, 37 (1967), pp. 4470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wrigley, E. A., and Schofield, R. S., The Population History of England, 1541–1871: A Reconstruction (Cambridge, MA, 1981).Google Scholar