International Migration and Economic Growth: The Swedish Experience

¹ See, for example: Cairncross, Alexander K., Home and Foreign Investment (Cambridge [Engl.]: The University Press, 1953); Easterlin, Richard A., “Influences on European Overseas Emigration Before World War One,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. IX, No. 1 (Apr. 1961); Kuznets, Simon and Rubin, Ernest, Immigration and the Foreign Born (New York: N.B.E.R., Occasional Paper No. 46, 1954); Thomas, Brinley, ed., Economics of International Migration (London: Macmillan, 1958). Also see references in fn. 2.

² Migration and Economic Growth (Cambridge [Engl.]: The University Press, 1954); “Migration and International Investment,” in Economics of International Migration; and International Migration and Economic Development; Trend Report and Bibliography (New York: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1961).

³ The basic sources of historical data for Sweden are: Institute for Social Sciences, University of Stockholm, Wages, Cost of Living and National Income in Sweden 1860–1930 (3 vols.; London: P. S. King, 1933); Lindahl, Olof, The Gross Domestic Product of Sweden, 1861–1951 (Stockholm: Konjunkturinstitutet, Meddelanden Serie B:20, 1956); Centralbyran, Statistiska, Historical Statistics of Sweden (3 vols.; Stockholm, 1959).

⁴ Migration and Economic Growth, pp. 32–34; International Migration and Economic Development, pp. 3–16.

⁵ For example, no allowance is made for changes in stocks other than livestock. Estimates of building and construction are very weak prior to 1896. See: Lindahl, pp. 28, 37.

⁶ Lag correlation coefficients are concentrated in the range ±. 30 and are not significant at the 5 per cent level.

⁷ The relevant lag correlation coefficients are concentrated in the range ±. 30 and are not significant at the 5 per cent level.

⁸ The lag correlation coefficients of Swedish real annual earnings in manufacturing on United States estimates of real wages have a maximum value of +.57. However, Swedish real agricultural wages appear to have an inverse association with United States real wage estimates with lag correlation coefficients reaching a maximum value of −.63.