1 McEvedy, Colin and Jones, Richard, Atlas of World Population History (New York, 1978), p. 28.
2 Wrigley, E. A. and Schofield, R. S., The Population History of England, 1541–1871 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1981);Wrigley, E. A., “The Growth of Population in Eighteenth-Century England: A Conundrum Resolved,” Past and Present, 98 (1983), 121–50;Schofield, R. S., “The Impact of Scarcity and Plenty on Population Change in England, 1541–1871” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 14, no. 2 (1983), 265–91.
3 Lindert, Peter H., “English Living Standards, Population Growth, and Wrigley-Schofield” Explorations in Economic History, 20, no. 2 (1983), 131–55;weir, David R., “Life Under Pressure: France and England, 1670–1870,” this Journal, 44 (03 1984), 27–47; and Gutmann, Myron F. and Leboutte, Rene, “Rethinking Protoindustnalization and the Family,” Journal of interdisciplinary History, 14, no. 3 (1984), 587–609.
4 Pouthas, C. H., La Population Française pendant la première moirié du XIX siècle (Paris, 1956), pp. 208–9;and Houdaille, Jacques, “Célibat et age du marriage au XVIIIe et XIXe siècles en Franc,” Population (1978), pp. 43–84, and (1979), pp. 403–42.
5 McKeown, Thomas, “Fertility, Mortality, and Causes of Death” Population Studies, 32 (1978), 537,and The Modern Rise of Population (New York, 1976), pp. 34–40.
6 Jones, R. E., “Further Evidence of the Decline in Infant Mortality in Pre-Industrial England; North Shropshire, 1561–1810,” Population Studies, 34 (1980), 239–50;Eversley, D. E. C., “A Survey of the Population in an Area of Worcestershire from 1660 to 1850 on the Basis of Parish Registers,” Population Studies, 10 (1957), pp. 253–79;Wrigley, E. A., “Mortality in Pre-Industrial England: The Example of Colyton, Devon, Over Three Centuries,” in Population and Social Change, ed. Glass, D. V. and Eversley, D. E. C. (London, 1972), pp. 244–73;Hollingsworth, T. H., “The Demography of the British Peerage,” Population Studies, supplement 18, no. 2 (1964), 56–57;and Wrigley and Schofield, Population, pp. 249–50.
7 Drake, Michael, Population and Society in Norway, 1735–1865 (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 54–65, 95;von Hofsten, Erland A. G. and Lundstrom, H., Swedish Population History: Main Trends from 1750 to 1970 (Stockholm, 1976), pp. 15, 46–47;Connell, K. H., The Population of Ireland, 1750– 1845 (London, 1975);Drake, Michael, “The Irish Demographic Crisis of 1741,” Historical Studies, 6 (1968), 101–26;and Gráda, Cormac Ó, “The population of Ireland, 1700–1900, a survey,” Annales de Démographie Historique (1979), 281–99.
8 Watkins, Susan Cott and van der Walle, E., “Nutrition, Mortality and Population Size: Malthus Court of Last Resort,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 14, no. 2 (1983), 205–27.
9 McKeown, Thomas, The Modern Rise in Population (New York, 1976);and Biraben, Jean-Noel, “Alimentation et démographie historique,” Annales de Démographie Historique (1976), pp. 22–40.
10 See especially Mélier, F., “Etude sur les subsistences envisagees dans leurs rapports avec les maladies et la mortalité,” Mémoires de l'Académie Royale de Médecine, 10 (1843), 170–205;Langer, William L., “Europe's Initial Population Explosion,” The American Historical Review, 69 (1963), 1–17,and “American Foods and Europe's Population Growth,” Journal of Social History, 8, no. 2 (1976), 51–66; and Salaman, Redcliffe N., The Hisory and Social Influence of tile Potato(Cambridge, 1949).
11 Hathcock, John, ed., Nutritional Toxicology (New York, 1982), pp. 4, 20, 262–63;Lacey, John, “Understanding the fungal threat to food,” Food and Climate Review (Boulder, Colorado, 1982–1983), pp. 30–41; and Moreau, Claude and Moss, Maurice, Moulds, Toxins, and Food (New York,1979), pp. 3–14.
12 Berde, B. and Schild, H. O., eds., Ergot Alkaloids and Related Compounds (New York, 1978);Spano, P. F. and Trabucchi, M., eds., “Ergot Alkaloids,” in Pharmacology, 16, Supplement I (1978), pp. 1–216;Lorenz, Klaus, “Ergot on cereal grains,” CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 11, no. 4 (1979), 311–54;Janardhanan, J. J. et al. , “A new commercial strain of ergot adapted from a wild grass,” Planta Medica, 44, no. 3 (1982), 166–67;Breuel, K. et al. , “Qualitative changes in peptide alkaloid biosynthesis of Claviceps purpurea by environmental conditions,” Planta Medico, 44, no. 2 (1982), 121–22; and Wood, G. and Coley-Smith, J. R., “Epidemiology of ergot disease (Claviceps purpurea) in open-flowering cereals” Annals of Applied Biology, 100, no. 1 (1982), 73–82.
13 Forgacs, J. and Cant, W. T., “Mycotoxicoses,” Advances in Veterinary Science, 7 (1962), 273–382;Joffe, A. Z., “Toxicity of Fusanium Poae and F. Sporotnchiodes and its relation to Alimentary Toxic Aleukia,” Mycotoxins (Washington, D.C., 1976), pp. 229–62;Kosuri, N. R. et at., “Toxicologic studies of Fusarium tricinctum (Corda) Snyder et Hansen from moldy corn,” American Journal of Veterinary Research, 32 (1971), 1843–1850;Leonov, A. N., “Current view of the chemical nature of factors responsible for Alimentary Toxic Aleukia,” Mycotoxins in Human and Animal Health (Park Forest South, Illinois, 1977), pp. 323–28;Smalley, E. B. et at., “Mycotoxicoses associated with moldy corn,” Toxic Microorganisms: Mycotoxins, Botulism (Washington, D.C. 1970), pp. 163–73;and Moreau, Claude and Moss, Maurice, Moulds, pp. 3–16, 44–55, 220–25.
14 Jagadeesan, V. et al., “Immune studies with T-2 toxin: effects of feeding and withdrawal in monkeys,” Food and Chemical Toxicology, 20, no. 1 (1982), 83–87;Rosenstein, Y. et al., “Effects of Fusarium toxins, T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol on munine T-independent immune responses,” Immunology, 44, no. 3 (1981), 555–66;Masuda, E. et al., “Immunosuppressive effect of a trichothecene mycotoxin Fusarenon X in mice,” Immunology, 45, no. 4 (1982), 743–49;Hayes, M. A., “Comparative toxicity of dietary T-2 toxin in rats and mice,” Journal of Applied Toxicology, 2, no. 4 (1982), 207–12; and Hsia, C. C. et at., “Proliferative and cytotoxic effects of Fusarium T-2 toxin on cultured human fetal esophagus,” Carcinogens, 4, no. 9 (1983), 1101–7.
15 Short, Thomas, A General Chronological History of the Air, Weather, Seasons, Meteors, etc. in Sundry Places and Different Times (London, 1749), pp. 221–25;.
16 Creighton, History, vol. 1, p. 540.
17 Creighton, History, vol. I, pp. 569–72; and Willis, Thomas, The London Practice of Physick (Boston, 1973), pp. 657–76.
18 Wintringham, Clifton, Commentarius Nosologicus Morbos Epidemicos et Aeris Variationes in Urbe Eboracensi Locisque Vicinis (York, 1739), pp. 278–330;Hillary, William, “An Account of the Principal Variations of the Weather, and the Concomitant Epidemical Diseases, from the year 1734, as they appeared at Rippon and the adjacent parts of the County of York,” Appendix to A Practical Essay on Smallpox (London, 1740), pp. 8–38;Huxham, John, Observations on the Air and Epidemic Diseases from the Years 1728 to inclusive (London, 1759), pp. 6–55.
19 Wrigley and Schofield, Population, p. 333;Wales-Smith, B. G., “An analysis of monthly rainfall totals, 1697–1970,” Meteorological Magazine, 100 (1971), 357–58;Dup´quier, Jacques, La Population Fran caise au XVIP et XVIIf siècles (Paris, 1979), pp. 43–45, 98–99; and Lebrun, Francois, Les Hommes el la mon en Anjou aux 17e et 19e siècle (Paris, 1971), Fig. 41.
20 Kerridge, Eric, The Farmers of Old England (Totowa, New Jersey, 1973), p. 163.
21 Deering, Charles, Nottingham Vetus et Nova (Nottingham, 1751), p. 72.
22 Collins, E. J. T. “Dietary Change and Ceral Consumption in Britain in the Nineteenth Century,” Agricultural History Review, 23, Part 2 (1975), 98–100.
23 Hollingsworth, T. H., “Demography,” p. 42.
24 Wrigley and Schofield, Population, p. 249.
25 Phayer, Thomas, The Boke of Children (London, 1612), pp. 9, 61;Pemell, Robert, A Treatise on the Diseases of Children (London, 1653);Hams, Walter, A Treatise on the Acute Diseases of Infants (London, 1689),and An Exact Inquiry… (London, 1693), p. 18;Pechey, John, A General Treatise on the Diseases of Infants and Children (London, 1697); and Newcome, Henry, The Compleat Mother (London, 1695), p. 71.
26 Sydenham, Thomas, Works (London, 1769), pp. 6–7, 51, 70, 80, 146–47, 278, 287;Wrigley and Schofield, Population, pp. 293–96, 657.
27 Wrigley and Schofield, Population, p. 607.
28 Cheyne, George, The English Malady, or a Treatise on Nervous Diseases of all Kinds (London, 1733), pp. 163, 167, 335–37, and The Natural Method of Cureing the Diseases of the Mind Depending on the Body (London, 1742), pp. 90, 126, 128, 133, 185, 276–77; and anon., The Art of Nursing (London, 1733), p. 59.
29 Grant, William, Observations on the Nature and Cure of Fevers, 2nd ed. (London, 1772), pp. 9, 23.
30 Moss, William, An Essay on the Management and Nursing of Children (London, 1781), pp. 73–74.
31 Trumbach, Randolph, The Rise of the Egalitarian Family: Aristocratic Kinship and Domestic Relations in Eighteenth-Century England (New York, 1978), pp. 196–201.
32 Hollingsworth, , “Demography,” p. 56; Wrigley and Schofield, Population, p. 230;Hollingsworth, T. A., “Mortality in British Peerage Families Since 1600,” Population, 32 (1977), pp. 324–52.
33 London Bills of Mortality, collected by Marshall, John, Mortality of the Metropolis (London, 1832);and Farr, William, “Bills of mortality: registration of births, deaths, and diseases,” British Medical Almanack (1836), pp. 125–33; and Britain, Great, General Registry Office, Annual Report of the Registrar General (London, 1837–1909).
34 Salaman, Redcliffe N., The History and Social Influence of the Potato (Cambridge. 1949), p. 69.
35 M.D., John Hogg, London As It Is (London, 1837), p. 271.
36 Dupâquier, Population, p. 82.
37 Toutain, Jean-Claude, La Population de la France de 1700 à 1959 (Paris, 1963);and Wrigley and Schofield, Population, p. 214.
38 Dupâquier, Population, p. 15.
39 Lebrun, Anjou, Fig. 41; and Wales-Smith, “Rainfall,” pp. 357–58.
40 Manley, Gordon, “Central England Temperatures: Monthly Means, 1659 to 1973,” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 100 (1974), 389–405; and Wales-Smith, “Rainfall,” pp. 345–62.
41 Louis Lepecq de la Cloture, Collection d' observations sur les maladies et constitution épidemiques (Paris-Rouen, 1778), pp. 21 fn., 200, 273.
42 Perrot, Jean-Claude, Génese d'une ville moderne; Caen au XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1975), vol. 1, p. 146.
43 Lecat, C. N., “Mémoire sur les fièvres maligne qui régnérent à Rouen à la fin de 1753 et au commencement de 1754,” [author recalls epidemics back to 1735] Précis analytique des travaux de l'Académie des Sciences, Belles Lettres et Arts de Rouen, 1744–1803 (1816), vol. 2, pp. 77–81;DrMarteau, , “Plusieurs maux de gorges gangreneux et épidémiques,” Journal de Médecine, 4 (1756), pp. 227–31;Bonté, , “Description de la fièvre maligne épidémique qui a regné à Coutances et dans ses environs pendant les années 1772 et 1773,” Mémoires de la Société Royale de Médecine (1776), pp. 22–60;de Laroberdière, Dubosq, “Recherches sur la scarlatina angineuse, contenant l'histoire de l'epidemie qui a regné a Vire dans les années VIII et IX (1800 et 1801),” Journal Général de Médecine, 22 (1804–1805), 430–43;Asselin, Michel, Examen analytique de la topographie el de la constitution médicale de l'arrondissement de Vire, Départment de Calvados (Caen, 1819), pp. 166, 183;Rapport général (1833), p. 423.
44 Morineau, Michel, Les Faux-Semblants d 'un démarrage économique; agriculture et démographie en France au XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1971), pp. 294–96.
45 Matossian, Mary K., “The throat distemper reappraised,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 54 (1980), 529–43,and “Mold Poisoning: an unrecognized English health problem,” Medical History, 25 (1981), 73–84.
46 “Rapport général sur les épidémies qui ont regné en France depuis 1771 jusqu'à 1830 exclusivement,” Mémoires de l'Académie Royale de Médecine, 3 (1833), 377–429.
47 DrBoismare, , “Mémoire sur la topographie et les constitutions médicales de la ville de Quillebeuf, et des lieux circonvoisins dont elle reçoit des influences,” Précis analytique des travaux de L'Académie des Sciences, Belles Lettres, et Arts de Rouen (1811), pp. 94–132, and (1812), pp. 65–107.
48 Ballin, A. G., “Renseignements statistiques sur la mortalité des enfants en bas age,” Précis analytique … Rouen, 2 (1830), pp. 65–68.
49 Duby, Georges and Wallon, Armand, eds., Histoire de France rurale, vol. 3:Agulhon, Maurice, Désert, Gabriel, and Speklin, Robert, Apogée et crise de la civilisation paysanne (Paris, 1976), pp. 108–12, 118; and Dubuc, Andre, “La culture de la pomme de terre en Normandie avant et depuis Parmentier,” Annales de Normandie, 3 (1953), 50–68;Désert, Gabriel, “La culture de la pomme de terre dans Calvados au XIX siècle,” Annales de Normandie, 5 (1955), 251–70;Les Archives Hospitalières: Sources d'histoire économique et sociale (Caen, 1977), p. 158.
50 Landsberg, Helmut E., “Past Climates from Unexploited Written Sources,” in Climate and History, et. Rotberg, R. I. and Rabb, T. K. (Princeton, 1981), pp. 51–62.
51 Wrigley and Schofield, Population, p. 253;and Dupâquier, Population, p. 62.
