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Layering affects the air flow through snow caused by surface pressure variations. The horizontal and total fluxes are high in hoar layers but the pressure perturbations and vertical components of the flow do not penetrate as deeply as in homogeneous snow. That is because the layers “pipe” the flow horizontally toward the area of low pressure. An ice layer at the surface reduces the total flow everywhere. The flow decreases as ice-layer thickness increases and, in general, flow changes with permeability. However, the magnitude of the effect is proportionately weaker when the ice layers are further from the surface. The residence time is reduced when hoar layers are present due to shorter flow paths, reduced penetration into the deeper snow and higher speeds.
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