Governance, Cultural Change, and Empowerment

¹ World Bank, World Development Report, 1990 (Washington, DC, 1990), p. 139.

² The Gambia has also had an elected government since independence, but was only saved from an attempted coup in 1981 by the intervention of Senegalese troops.

³ Holm, John D. and Molutsi, Patrick P., ‘State and Society Relations in Botswana: beginning liberalisation’, in Hyden, Goran and Bratton, Michael (eds.), Governance and Politics (Boulder, 1992), pp. 75–95. See also, Good, Kenneth, ‘Interpreting the Exceptionality of Botswana’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 30, 1, 03 1992, pp. 69–95.

⁴ Dia, Mamadou, ‘Development and Cultural Values in Sub-Saharan Africa’, in Finance and Development (Washington, DC), 12 1991, pp. 10–13.

⁵ Simpkins, Edgar and Wraith, Ronald, Corruption in Developing Countries (London, 1963).

⁶ Kabou, Axelle, Et si l'Afrique refusait le développement (Paris, 1991).

⁷ Etounga-Manguelle, Daniel, L'Afrique a-t-elle besoin d'un programme d'adjustement culturel? (Paris, 1991).

⁸ Etounga-Manguelle, Daniel, ‘Cultural Adjustment: its principles and how to achieve it’, World Bank, Washington, DC, january 1991.

⁹ Mazrui, Ali, The Africans (London, 1986).

¹⁰ Joseph, Richard, Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria: the rise and fall of the Second Republic (Cambridge, 1987).

¹¹ Bayart, Jean-François, L'État en Afrique: la politique du ventre (Paris, 1989).

¹² For example, Healy, John and Robinson, M., ‘Democracy, Political Change and Economic Policy’, Overseas Development Institute, London, 1991.

¹³ Ayittey, George B. N., Indigenous African Institutions (New York, 1991).

¹⁴ Ake, Claude, ‘The Case for Democracy’, in The Carter Center, African Governance in the 1990s (Atlanta, 1991).

¹⁵ Ayittey, op. cit.

¹⁶ Sklar, Richard L., ‘Democracy in Africa’, in African Studies Review (Los Angeles), 26, 3/4, 09–12 1983, pp. 11–24, and ‘Beyond Capitalism and Socialism in Africa’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies, 26, 1, 03 1988, pp. 1–21.

¹⁷ Mazrui, Ali, ‘Planned Governance: economic liberalization and political engineering in Africa’, in African Governance in the 1990s.

¹⁸ Ayittey, op. cit.

¹⁹ See, for example, Chambers, Robert, Rural Development: putting the last first (Harlow, 1983);Cernea, Michael M. (ed.), Putting People First: sociological variables in rural development (Oxford, 1985);Salmen, Lawrence, Listen to the People (Oxford, 1987);Hyden, Goran, ‘The Changing Context of Institutional Development’, in Long-term Perspective Study of Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, DC, 1990), Vol. 3, Institutional and Sociopolitical Issues, pp. 43–59; and Uphoff, Norman, Learning from Gab Oya: possibilities for participatory development and post Newtonian social science (Paris, 1991).

²⁰ Cf.Schumacher, E. F., Small is Beautiful (London, 1973), by the founder of the London-based Intermediate Technology Development Group.

²¹ See Henry, Alain, Tchente, Guy-Honoré, and Guillerme-Dieumegard, Philippe, Tontine et banques au Cameroun: les principes de la société des amis (Paris, 1991).

²² Barkan, Joel and Holmquist, Frank, ‘Peasant-State Relations and the Social Base of Self-Help in Kenya’, in World Politics (Princeton), 41, 3, 04 1989, p. 377. See also, Barkan, Joel D. with Michael Chege, ‘Decentralising the State: district focus and the politics of reallocation in Kenya’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies, 27, 3, 09 1989, pp. 431–53.

²³ Owusu, Maxwell, ‘The Devil and the Holy War: international capitalism, populism and Ghana's economic recovery program’, 90th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Chicago, 1991.

²⁴ Ninsin, Kwame A., ‘District Assemblies as a Solution to the Crisis of Governance in Ghana’, in African Governance in the 1990s.

²⁵ Y. R. Barongo, ‘Innovations in Systems of Governance in Africa: the Resistance Councils experiment in Uganda’, in ibid.

²⁶ Brett, E. A., ‘Cost Effectiveness Services for the Rural Poor: policies and institutional reforms in Uganda’, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, 1992.

²⁷ Diakhaté, Lydie, ‘Set, Setal à Dakar: l'art est descendu dans la rue’, in Balafon, December 1991.

²⁸ Clark, John, Democratizing Development: the role of voluntary organizations (London, 1991), pp. 3–13.

²⁹ World Bank, Sub-Saharan Africa: from crisis to sustainable growth. A Long-Term Perspective Study (Washington, DC, 1989), p. 94.

³⁰ Falloux, François and Talbot, Lee, Crisis and Opportunity, forthcoming.

³¹ Clark, op. cit. pp. 120–141.

³² Callaghy, Thomas M., ‘The State as Lame Leviathan: the patrimonial administrative state in Africa’, in Ergas, Zaki (ed.), The African State in Transition (Basingstoke and London, 1987), pp. 87–116.

³³ Clark, op. cit. pp. 127–130.

³⁴ Lodge, Tom and Nasson, Bill, All, Here, and Now: black politics in South African in the 1980s (London, 1992), p. 29.

³⁵ Morris, Peter, Family and Social Change in an African City (London, 1961), and Little, Kenneth, West African Urbanization: a study of voluntary associations in social change (Cambridge, 1965).

³⁶ Berry, Sara, Fathers Work for Their Sons (Berkeley, 1985).

³⁷ Fadipe, N. A., The Sociology of the Yoruba (Ibadan, 1970), published posthumously.

³⁸ Barkan, Joel D., McNulty, Michael L., and Ayeni, M. A. O., ‘“Hometown” Voluntary Associations, Local Development, and the Emergence of Civil Society in Western Nigeria’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies, 29, 3, 09 1991, p. 462.

³⁹ Ibid. pp. 464–8.

⁴⁰ See Bagadion, Benjamin U. and Korten, Frances F., ‘Developing Irrigators' Organizations: a learning process approach', in Cernea, Michael M. (ed.), Putting People First: sociological variables in rural development (Oxford, 1985), pp. 52–90, and Cernea, Michael M., ‘The Building Blocks of Participation: towards a social methodology’, World Bank Workshop on Participatory Development, Washington, DC, February 1992.