Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-gtxcr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T17:46:52.081Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Lower Devonian (Emsian) rugosa of the Izarne Formation, Montagne Noire, France

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 July 2015

Alan E. H. Pedder  and
Raimund Feist
Alan E. H. Pedder
Affiliation:
Geological Survey of Canada, 3303 33rd Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2L 2A7
Raimund Feist
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Paléontologie, Université de Montpellier II, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An account of the systematics, biostratigraphy, ecological setting and the biogeographic implications of rugose corals from olistoliths of the Cabrières area is given. Corals of the lower member of the Izarne Formation are dated by conodonts as gronbergi Zone age, and include Lythophyllum sp. indet., Calceola sandalina (Linné), Tryplasma sp. A, Breviphrentis roharti Pedder new species, B. exigua Pedder new species, and Aqishaphyllum sp. A. Corals from the middle member of the formation include Frechocystis pertinax Pedder new genus and species, Calceola sp. undet., Rhizophyllum sp. aff. R. ukalundense Hill and Jell, Tryplasma enorme Pedder new species, Tryplasma sp. A, Breviphrentis sp. A, Platysmatophyllum halleri Pedder new genus and species, Pseudochonophyllum sentum Pedder new species, and Izarneophyllum barroisi (Frech) new genus. No age significant conodont has been recovered from the middle member. However, scutelluid trilobites, which, together with other trilobites, evidently used the underside of Izarne corals for shelter during molting, provide correlation with conodont sequences in the nappe domain to the north and southwest of Cabrières. From this line of evidence, the middle Izarne coral fauna is deduced to be nothoperbonus Zone age. The association of a variety of benthic trilobites, all with large eyes, provides evidence of a photic zone environment for the middle Izarne corals.

Rugose corals from the Izarne Formation belong to the Old World Realm and have nothing in common with similar age Rugosa of the Eastern Americas Realm. This implies that the dissolution of the boundary between these realms, which occurred in the Middle Devonian, did not begin before latest Emsian time.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 72 , Issue 6 , November 1998 , pp. 967 - 991
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arbizu, M., Garcia-Alcalde, J. L., Garcia-López, S., Méndez-Bedia, I., Sánchez de Posada, L. C., Soto, F. M., Truyóls, M., Truyóls, J., Alvarez, F., Méndez, C., and Men, J. R.éndez. 1979. Biostratigraphical study of the Moniello Formation (Cantabrian Mountains, Asturias, NW Spain). Geologica et Palaeontologica, 13:103–124.Google Scholar
Audinet-Serville, J. G. 1831. Revue méthodique des insectes de l'ordre des Orthoptères. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris, 22:28–65, 134-168, 262-292. [Not seen]Google Scholar
Barrois, C. 1886. Sur le calcaire à polypiers de Cabrières (Hérault). Société Géologique du Nord, Annales, 13:74–97.Google Scholar
Barrois, C. 1889. Faune du Calcaire d'Erbray (Loire Inférieure). Société Géologique du Nord, Mémoirs, 3, 348 p.Google Scholar
Benecke, W., and Bücking, H. 1898. Calceola sandalina im oberen Breuschtal. Geologische Landesanstalt Elssass-Lothringen, Mitteilungen, 4:105–111.Google Scholar
Birenheide, R. 1963. Cyathophyllum- und Dohmophyllum-Arten (Rugosa) aus dem Mitteldevon der Eifel. Senckenbergiana lethaea, 44:363–458.Google Scholar
Birenheide, R. 1964. Die “Cystimorpha” (Rugosa) aus dem Eifeler Devon. Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Abhandlungen, 507:1–120.Google Scholar
Birenheide, R. 1974. Zur Herkunft der devonischen cystimorphen Rugosa. Senckenbergiana lethaea, 54:453–473.Google Scholar
Birenheide, R. 1978. Rugose Korallen des Devon. Leitfossilien, 2. Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, Stuttgart, 265 p.Google Scholar
Birenheide, R. 1990. Zur palökologischen Bedeutung des Stereoplasmas in cystimorphen Deckelkorallen. Nature und Museum, 120:129–138.Google Scholar
Brice, D. 1970. Étude paléontologique et stratigraphique du Dévonien de l'Afghanistan. Notes et Mémoires sur Le Moyen-Orient, 12, 364 p.Google Scholar
Brice, D., Colleau, A., and de Lapparent, A. F. 1969. Sur la stratigraphie du Dévonien de Robat-e-Paï (Afghanistan occidental). L'Académie des Sciences, Paris, Comptes Rendus, séne D, 268:2856–2858.Google Scholar
Bul'vanker, E. Z. 1958. Devonskie chetyrekhluchevye korally okrani Kuznetskogo basseyna. Vsesoyuznyy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Geologicheskiy Institut (VSEGEI), Leningrad, text, 212 p. and atlas.Google Scholar
Cai, Tu-Ci. 1983. Devonian Rugosa, p. 113–148, 189-200, 203-211, 684-691. In Geological Survey Brigade of the Xinjiang Geological Office et al. (eds.), Paleontological atlas of northwest China. Xinjiang volume, 2, Upper Paleozoic. Geological Publishing House, Beijing. [In Chinese]Google Scholar
Cao, Xuan-Duo, Ouyang, Xuan, and Jin, Tong-An. 1982. Rugosa, p. 46–179, 565-593. In Xi'an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources (ed.), Paleontological atlas of northwest China. Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia volume, 2, Upper Palaeozoic. Geological Publishing House, Beijing. [In Chinese]Google Scholar
Chernyshev, B. I. 1930. Calceola from the Devonian beds of the Salair range. Russkoe Paleontologicheskoe Obshchestvo, Ezhegodnik, 8:91–97.Google Scholar
Chi, Y. S. 1933. Notes on Calceola sandalina and a new variety from Shuimokou, N.W. Szechuan, China. Geological Society of China, Bulletin, 12(l):43–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collin, L. 1927. Sur la présence de Calceola sandalina Lamk. dans le gisement fossilifère de Run-ar-Chranc (Presqu'ǐle de Crozon). Société’ Géologique et Mineralogique de Bretagne, Bulletin, 6:209–231.Google Scholar
Dana, J. D. 1846. Genera of fossil corals of the family Cyathophyllidae. America. Journal of Science and Arts, series 2, 1:178–189.Google Scholar
Dubatolov, V. N., and Ya Spasskiy, N. 1964. Nekotorye novye korally iz devona Sovetskogo Soyuza, p. 112–140. In Dubatolov, V. N. and Ya Spasskiy, N., Stratigraficheskiy i geograficheskiy obzor devonskikh korallov SSSR. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Institut Geologii i Geofiziki, Izdatel'stvo “Nauka,” Moscow.Google Scholar
Dubatolov, V. N., and Ya Spasskiy, N. 1971. Devonskie korally Dzhungaro-Balkhashskoy provintsii. Akademiy Nauk SSSR, Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Institut Geologii i Geofiziki, Trudy, vypusk 74, 132 p.Google Scholar
Dybowski, W. N. 1873-1874. Monographie der Zoantharia sclerodermata rugosa aus der Silurformation Estlands, Nord-Livlands und der Insel Gotland, … Archiv für die Naturkunde Liv-, Ehst- und Kurlands, ser. 1, 5:257–414 (1873), 415-532 (1874).Google Scholar
Erina, M. V. 1978. Rugozy, p. 15–20. In Sokolov, B. S. and Garkovets, V. G. (eds.), Atlas paleontologicheskikh tablits, prilozhenie k putevoditelyu ekskursiy, Polevaya sessiya mezhdunarodnoy Podkomissi po Stratigrafii Devona. Ministerstvo Geologii SSSR and Ministerstvo Geologii UzSSR, Tashkent.Google Scholar
Etheridge, R. Jr. 1907. A monograph of the Silurian and Devonian corals of New South Wales: with illustrations from other parts of Australia. Part II.—The genus Tryplasma Geological Survey of New South Wales, Memoirs, Palaeontology, no. 13, p. i–ix, 41–102.Google Scholar
Feist, R. 1970. Breviscutellum (Meridioscutellum) n. sg. (Trilobite) et son développement larvaìre. Géobìos, 3(4):41–73.Google Scholar
Feist, R. 1974. Devonische Scutelluidae (Trilobita) aus der östlichen Montagne Noire (Süd-Frankreich). Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 147:70–114.Google Scholar
Feist, R. 1985. Devonian stratigraphy of the southeastern Montagne Noire (France). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 75:331–352.Google Scholar
Feist, R., and Groos-Üffenorde, H. 1979. Die “Calcaires à polypiers siliceux” und ihre Ostracoden-Faunen (Oberes Unter-Devon; Montagne Noire, S-Frankreich). Senckenbergiana lethaea, 60:83–187.Google Scholar
Feist, R., Schönlaub, H.-P., and Bultynck, P. 1985. Faciès et biostratigraphie (conodontes) du passage Dévonien inférieur-moyen dans la Montagne Noire (France). Hercynica, 1(2):81–97.Google Scholar
Firtion, F. 1957. Les éléments paléontologiques dévoniens du Val de Bruche. Annales Universitatis Saraviensis, Scientia, 6:97,184.Google Scholar
Flügel, H. W. 1980. Calceola sandalina aus den Hubenhalt-Kalken der Teichalpe (Grazer Paläozoikum, Eifelium). Naturwissenschaflicher Verein für Steiermark, Mittelungen, 110:57,58.Google Scholar
Fontaine, H. 1961. Les Madréporaires Paléozoiques du Viět-Nam, du Laos et du Cambodge. Archives Géologiques du Viět-Nam, 5, text, 276 p. and atlas.Google Scholar
Frech, F. 1887. Die paläozoischen Bildungen von Cabrières (Languedoc). Deutsche geologische Gesellschaft, Zeitschrift, 39:360–488.Google Scholar
Frech, F. 1911. China. Ergebnisse eigener Reisen und darauf gegründeter Studien von Ferdinand Freiherrn v. Richthofen, Band 5. Verlag von Deitrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), Berlin, xii + 289 p.Google Scholar
Frech, F., and Arthaber, G. 1900. Über das Paläozoicum in Hocharmenien und Persien, mit einem Anhang über die Kreide von Sirab in Persien. Beiträge zur Paläontologie und Geologie Österreich-Ungarns und des Orients, 12:161–308.Google Scholar
Galle, A. 1995. The Breviphrentis-dominated coral faunule from the Middle Devonian of Moravia, Czech Republic. Česky Geologicky ústav, Věstník, 70(2):59–70.Google Scholar
Goldfuss, G. A. 1826-1840. Petrefacta Germaniae tam ea, … Abbildungen und Beschreibungen der Petrefacten Deutschlands und der angränzenden Länder, unter Mitwirkung des Herrn Grafen zu Münster, Arnz & Comp., Düsseldorf, Theil 1, 252 p., Theil 2, 312 p.Google Scholar
Guo, Sheng-Zhe. 1990. Early and Middle Devonian rugose corals from Toudaoqiao district of central Da Hinggan Ling (Mts.). Shenyang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Bulletin, 18:25–36. [Imprint 1989; Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
He, Yuan-Xiang, and Fan, Ying-Nian. 1988. Rugosa, p. 165–195, 414-423. In Hou, Hong-fei (ed.), Devonian stratigraphy, paleontology and sedimentary facies of Longmenshan, Sichuan. Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources and Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Geological Publishing House, Beijing. [In Chinese with English summary]Google Scholar
Hill, D. 1942a. The Middle Devonian rugose corals of Queensland, III. Burdekin Downs, Fanning R., and Reid Gap, North Queensland. Royal Society of Queensland, Proceedings, 53:229–268.Google Scholar
Hill, D. 1942b. The Lower Devonian rugose corals from the Mt. Etna Limestone, Qld. Royal Society of Queensland, Proceedings, 54:13–22.Google Scholar
Hill, D. 1981. Coelenterata, Part F, Supplement 1, Rugosa and Tabulata, p. F1–F762. In Teichert, C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Hill, D., and Jell, J. S. [authorship over-stamped Jell, J. S., and Hill, D. on some copies]. 1969a. Devonian corals from Ukalunda. Geological Survey of Queensland Publication, 340, Palaeontological Papers, 16, 27 p.Google Scholar
Hill, D., and Jell, J. S. [authorship over-stamped Jell, J. S., and Hill, D. on some copies]. 1969b. On the rugose coral genera Rhizophyllum Lindström, Platyphyllum Lindström and Calceola Lamarck. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, Jahrgang 1969:534–551.Google Scholar
Hill, D., Playford, G., and Woods, J. T. (eds.). 1967. Devonian fossils of Queensland. Queensland Palaeontographical Society, Brisbane, 32 p.Google Scholar
Ivaniya, V. A., and Cherepnina, S. K. 1986. Devonski korally-rugozy Zapadnoy Sibiri (atlas-opredelitel'). Izdatel'stvo Tomskogo Universiteta, Tomsk, 136 p.Google Scholar
Ivaniya, V. A., and Kosareva, E. G. 1968. K voprosu o vozraste Kur'inskikh izvestnyakov (sev. chast’ rudnogo Altaya), p. 67–82. In Ivaniya, V. A. (ed.), Novye materialy po stratigrafii i paleontologii nizhnego i srednego paleozoya Zapadnoy Sibiri. Izdatel'stvo Tomskogo Universiteta, Tomsk.Google Scholar
Ivanovskiy, A. B. 1973. O stroenii i roste skelata Calceola shuimokouensis Chi (Rugosa). Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal, 1973, 3:127–129.Google Scholar
Jia, Hui-Zhen, Xu, Shou-Yong, Kuang, Guo-Dun, Zhang, Bu-Fei, Zuo, Zi-Bi, and Wu, Jin-Shu. 1977. Anthozoa, p. 109–270, 764-789. In Geological Science Research Institute, Hubei, et al. (eds.), Atlas of the ancient life of central and southern China, 2, Late Palaeozoic Era. Geological Publishing House, Beijing. [In Chinese]Google Scholar
Jungheim, H. J. 1986. Fossilien aus dem Rheinischen Mitteldevon. Rheinland-Verlag GmbH, Köln, 95 p.Google Scholar
Khoa, N. D. 1983. Vè giǒng Calceola (San hǒ bón tia) o Viět Nam. Tap chí Các Khoa hoc vè Trái dat. 5:29–30.Google Scholar
Khoa, N. D., and Thom, N. 1980. Phu lop San ho bon tia (Rugosa), p. 86–94, 327-330, 499-507. In Dánh, T., and 33 others, Hoa thach dac trung o mien bac Viět Nam (Characteristic fossils in the north of Vietnam). Science and Technics Publishing House, Hanoi.Google Scholar
King, W. 1846. Remarks on certain genera belonging to the class Palliobranchiata. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology, series 1, 18:26–42, 83-94.Google Scholar
Kong, Lei, and Huang, Yun-Ming. 1978. Tetracoralla, p. 35–161, 739-759. In Guizhou Stratigraphy and Palaeontology Work Team (ed.), Atlas of the Palaeontology of the southwestern regions of China, Guizhou, I, Cambrian-Devonian. Geological Publishing House, Beijing. [In Chinese]Google Scholar
Kowalski, H. 1983. Die Pantoffelkoralle Calceola sandalina. Die Eifel, 78:24–27.Google Scholar
Kowalski, H. 1990. Von Knopf-, Pantoffell- und anderen Einzelkorallen. Eifeljahrbuch, 1990:184–190.Google Scholar
Kunth, A. 1869. Beiträge zur Kenntniss fossiler Korallen. Deutsche geologische Gesellschaft, Zeitschrift, 21:647–688.Google Scholar
Lafuste, J. 1983. Disparité microstructurale entre Calceola Lamarck et Goniophyllum Dybowski (Tetracoralla, Dévonien et Silurien). L'Académie des Sciences, Paris, Comptes Rendus, série D, 296:1749–1752.Google Scholar
Lafuste, J., and Semenoff-Tian-Chansky, P. 1968. Présence d'un système de canalicules dans le squelette de Calceola Lamarck. L'Académie des Sciences, Paris, Comptes Rendus, série D, 267:1139–1141.Google Scholar
Lamarck, J. B.de M, P. A. 1799. Prodrome d'une nouvelle classification des coquilles, comprenant une rédaction appropriée des caractères génériques, et l'établissement d'un grand nombre de genres nouveaux. Société. d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, Mémoirs, série 1, 1:63–91. [Not seen]Google Scholar
Lang, W. D., Smith, S., and Thomas, H. D. 1940. Index of Palaeozoic coral genera. British Museum (Natural History), London, vii + 231 p.Google Scholar
Lavrusevich, A. I. 1974. O morfologii, ekologii i sistematicheskom polozhenii kal'tseolovidnykh, golofragmoidnykh i manusoidnykh rugoz, p. 191–198, 279. In Sokolov, B. S. (ed.), Drevnie Cnidaria, tom 1. Izdatel'stvo “Nauka,” Novosibirsk.Google Scholar
Liang, Wen-Ji, and Zhao, Ming-Te. 1986. A new Devonian stratigraphical unit—the Xinpo Formation—of Wuxiangling, Nanning. Journal of Stratigraphy, 10:212–215. [In Chinese]Google Scholar
Lin, Bao-Yu, et al. 1995. Monograph of Palaeozoic corals. Rugosa and Heterocorallia. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, vii + 778 p. [In Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Lindström, G. 1866a. Några iakttagelser öfver Zoantharia rugosa. Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, 22(1865):271–294.Google Scholar
Lindström, G. 1866b. Some observations on the Zoantharia Rugosa. Geological Magazine, decade 1, 3:356–362, 406-414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindström, G. 1871a. Om operkularbildningen hos några nutida och siluriska koraller. Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, Årgång 27(1870), p. 921–926.Google Scholar
Lindström, G. 1871b. On some operculated corals, Silurian and recent. Geological Magazine, decade 1, 8:122–126.Google Scholar
Lindström, G. 1883a. Obersilurische Korallen von Tshau-tiën im nordöstlichen Theil der Provinz Sz'-tshwan, p. 50–74. In Richthofen, F., China, Ergebnisse eigener Reisen und darauf gegründeter Studien, Band 4. Verlag von Dietrich Reimer, Berlin.Google Scholar
Lindström, G. 1883b. Om de Palaeozoiska formationernas operkelbärande koraller. Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 7(4), 112 p. [Imprint 1882]Google Scholar
Linné, C. [Linnaeus, C.]. 1767. 1771. Mantissa Plantarum. Generum editionis VI, et Specierum editionis II. Stockholm, p. 1–142 (1767), 143-588 (1771). [Not seen]Google Scholar
Linné, C. [Linnaeus, C.]. 1788-1793. Systema naturae per regina tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Edition XIII (edited by Gmelin, J. F.), Tomus 1. G. E. Beer, Leipzig, 4120 p.Google Scholar
Lonsdale, W. 1845. Description of some characteristic Palaeozoic Corals of Russia, Appendix A, p. 591–634. In Murchison, R. I., de Verneuil, E., and Keyserling, A., The geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains, volume 1. John Murray, London.Google Scholar
Lotze, F. 1928. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Mutationen von Calceola sandalina (L.). Senckenbergiana, 10:158–169.Google Scholar
Mansuy, H. 1908. Contribution à la carte géologique de l'Indochine. Paléontologie. Service des Mines, Hanoi, 73 p.Google Scholar
Mansuy, H. 1912. Etude géologique du Yun-nan oriental, paléontologie. Service Géologique de l'Indochine Mémoires, 1(2):1–50.Google Scholar
Mansuy, H. 1916. Faunes paléozoïques du Tonkin septentrional. Nouvelle contribution à l'étude des faunes des calcaires à Productus de l'Indochine. Étude complémentaire des faunes paléozoïques et triasiques dans l'Est du Tonkin. Service Géologique de l'Indochine, Mémoires, 5(4):1–71.Google Scholar
Markov, K. V. 1927. Calceola sandalina s Urala. Russkoe Paleontologicheskoe Obshchestvo, Ezhegodnik, 6:91–94.Google Scholar
Merriam, C. W. 1974. Lower and lower Middle Devonian rugose corals of the central Great Basin. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 805, v + 83 p.Google Scholar
Milne Edwards, H., and Haime, J. 1850. Introduction and chapter 1, p. i–lxxxv, 1-71. A monograph of the British Fossil Corals. Palaeontographical Society Monograph, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milne Edwards, H., and Haime, J. 1851. Monographie des polypiers fossiles des terrains palaeozoïques. Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, 5:1–502.Google Scholar
Nicholson, H. A., and Lydekker, R. 1889. A manual of palaeontology, for the use of students: with a general introduction on the principles of palaeontology. Edition 3, volume 1. William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh and London, xviii + 885 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliver, W. A. Jr., and Galle, A. 1971. Rugose corals from the Upper Koněprusy Limestone (Lower Devonian) in Bohemia. Sborník Geologichých Věd. Paleontologie, řada P, 14:35–106.Google Scholar
Oliver, W. A. Jr., and Pedder, A. E. H. 1979. Rugose corals in Devonian stratigraphical correlation, p. 233–248. In House, M. R., Scrutton, C. T., and Bassett, M. A. (eds.), The Devonian System. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 23.Google Scholar
Pedder, A. E. H. 1971. Dohmophyllum and a new related genus of corals from the Middle Devonian of northwestern Canada, p. 37–77. In Norford, B. S., and Irish, E. J. W. (eds.), Contributions to Canadian Paleontology. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin, 197.Google Scholar
Pedder, A. E. H. 1985. Lochkovian (Early Devonian) rugose corals from Prince of Wales and Baillie Hamilton islands, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. In Current Research, Part B. Geological Survey of Canada Paper, 85-1B:285–301.Google Scholar
Pedder, A. E. H., and McLean, R. A. 1982. Lower Devonian cystiphyllid corals from North America and eastern Australia with notes on the genus Utaratuia. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 16:57–110.Google Scholar
Pedder, A. E. H., and Murphy, M. A. 1997. Lochkovian Rugosa of Nevada, p. 341–385. In Klapper, G., Talent, J. A., and Murphy, M. A. (eds.), Paleozoic sequence stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and biogeography: studies in honor of J. Granville (“Jess”) Johnson. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 321.Google Scholar
Peetz, H. 1901. Materialy k poznaniyu fauny devonskikh’ otlozheniy okrian’ Kuznetskago uglenosnago baseyna (Zapadnaya Sibir'). Geologicheskaya Chast’ Kabineta Ego Imperatorskago Velichestva, Trudy, 4:1–393.Google Scholar
Penecke, K. A. 1894. Das Grazer Devon. Kaiserlich-Königlich Geologische Reichsanstalt (Bundesanstalt) Wien, Jahrbuch, Band 43(1893):567–616.Google Scholar
Pillet, J. 1972. Les trilobites du Dévonien inférieur et du Dévonien moyen du sud-est du Massif armoricain. Société d'Études Scientifiques de l'Anjou, Mémoirs 1, 307 p.Google Scholar
Počta, P. 1902. Anthozoaires et Alcyonaires. In J. Barrande, Système Silurien du centre de la Bohěme, 8(2):1–347.Google Scholar
Rafinesque, C. S. 1815. Analyse de la nature ou tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés. The author, Palermo, 224 p. [Not seen]Google Scholar
Reed, F. R. C. 1908. The Devonian faunas of the northern Shan States. Palaeontologica Indica, new series, volume 2, Memoir 5, 183 p.Google Scholar
Richter, R. 1916. Zur stratigraphischen Beurteilung von Calceola (Calceola sandalina lam. n. mut. lata und alta). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Jahrgan. 1916, 2:31–44.Google Scholar
Richter, R. 1928. Fortschritte in der Kenntnis der Calceola-Mutationen. Senckenbergiana, 10:169–184.Google Scholar
Römer, F. A. 1856. Bericht von einer geologisch-paläontologischen Reise nach Schweden. Leonhard und Bronn's Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie und Geologie, Jahrgang 1856, p. 794–815. [Not seen]Google Scholar
Rosen, B. R. 1977. The depth distribution of recent hermatypic corals and its palaeontological significance, p. 507–517. In Chevalier, J. P., et al. (eds.), Second symposium international sur les couraux et récifs coralliens fossiles, Paris, 1975. Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, Mémoires, 89.Google Scholar
Różkowska, M. 1954. Badania wstepne nad Tetracoralla z eiflu Grzegorzowic. Acta Geologica Polonica, 4:207–248.Google Scholar
Sampelayo, P. H. 1948. Coralarios devonianos del Sahara Español. Instituto Geológico y Minero, de España, Boletín, 61:1–45.Google Scholar
Scalia, S. 1922. Puo’ la Calceola sandalina Lam. essere ragionevolmente considerata come un polipaio fornito di opercola? Societa Geologica Italiana, Bollettíno, 41:81–99.Google Scholar
Schlüter, C. 1882. Neue Korallen des Mitteldevon der Eifel. In Sitzungberichte der neiderrheinischen Gesellschaft für Nature- und Heilkunde in Bonn. Naturhistorischer Vereines der preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens Verhandlungen, Jahrgang 39:205–210.Google Scholar
Scrutton, C. T. 1967. Marisastridae (Rugosa) from south-east Devonshire, England. Palaeontology, 10:266–279.Google Scholar
Scrutton, C. T. 1985. Class Anthozoa, p. 13–36. In Murray, J. W. (ed.), Atlas of invertebrate macrofossils. Longman in collaboration with the Palaeontological Association, Harlow.Google Scholar
Sherzer, W. H. 1892. A revision and monograph of the genus Chonophyllum. Geological Society of America, Bulletin, 3:253–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smyčka, F. 1904. Novéjši nálezy v čaelechovském devonu. Věstník Klubu přírodovedeského v Prostějove, 7:1–21.Google Scholar
Sobolev', D. 1904. Devonskiya otlozheniya profilya Gregorzhevitse-Skaly-Vlokhi. Varshava Polytekhnicheskiy Institut, Izvestiy, 2:1–107.Google Scholar
Soshkina, E.D. 1936. Korally Rugosa srednego devona Severnogo Urala. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Polyarnoe Komissiya, Trudy, 28:15–76.Google Scholar
Soshkina, E.D. 1937. Korally verkhnego silura i nizhhnego devona vostochnogo i zapadnogo sklonov Urala. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Paleontologicheskiy Institut, Trudy, 6(4), 112 p.Google Scholar
Soshkina, E.D. 1949. Devonskie korally Rugosa Urala. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Paleontologicheskiy Institut, Trudy, 15(4), 162 p.Google Scholar
Soshkina, E.D. 1952. Opredelitel’ devonskikh chetyrekhluchevykh korallov. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Paleontologicheskiy Institut, Trudy, 39, 127 p.Google Scholar
Sougy, J. 1964. Les formations paléozoïques du Zemmour Noir (Mauritanie Septentrionale). Étude stratigraphique, pétrographique et paléontologique. The author, Dakar, xii + 695 p. and annexes.Google Scholar
Sowerby, J. 1815-1818. The mineral conchology of Great Britain; or coloured figures and descriptions of those remains of testaceous animals or shells, which have been preserved at various times and depths in the Earth, volume 2. B. Meredith, London, 235 p.Google Scholar
Spasskiy, N. Ya. 1955. Korally Rugosa i ik znachenie dlya stratigrafii srednego devona zapadnogo sklona Urala, p. 91–169. In Stratigrafiya paleozoyskikh otlozheniy Timana i zapadnogo sklona Urala. Vsesoyuznyy Neftyanoy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Geologo-Razvedochnyy Institut, Trudy, novaya seriya, 90.Google Scholar
Spasskiy, N. Ya. 1960a. Devonskie chetyrekhluchevye korally Yuzhnogo Altaya i prilegayushchikh territoriy. Leningradskiy ordeney Lenina i Trudovogo Krasnogo Znameni gornogo instituta im G. V. Plekhanova, Zapiski, 37(2):108–131.Google Scholar
Spasskiy, N. Ya. 1960b. Devonskie chetyrekhluchevye korally Rudnogo Altaya. Paleontologicheskoe obosnovanie stratigrafii paleozoya Rudnogo Altaya, Vypusk 3. GOSGEOLTEKHIZDAT, Moskva, 144 p.Google Scholar
Spasskiy, N. Ya. 1977. Devonskie rugozy SSSR (Sistematika stratigraficheskoe i geograficheskoe znachenie). Izdatel'stvo Leningradskogo Universiteta, Leningrad, 344 p.Google Scholar
Špinar, Z. 1951. Nález druhu Calceola sandalina (Linné, 1771) a nové naleziště Stromatoporoideí u Vratíkov na Moravě. Věstník Ústrědní Ústav Geologický, 26:133–134.Google Scholar
Stchépinsky, V. 1946. Türkiye karakteristik fossileri. Fossiles caractéristiques de Turquie. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü Yayinlarindan (M.T.A.), Jeolojik Harta Materyeller, 1:1–151. [In Turkish and French]Google Scholar
Stolarski, J. 1993. Ontogenetic development and functional morphology in the early growth-stages of Calceola sandalina (Linnaeus, 1771), p. 169–177. In Oekentorp-Küster, P. (ed.), Proceedings of the VI. International Symposium on Fossil Cnidaria and Porifera held in Münster, Germany 9.-14. September 1991. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 164.Google Scholar
Strnad, V. 1960. Calceola sandalina in the Devonian near Horní Benešov. Přírodovědny Časopsis slezsky, 21:123–124.Google Scholar
Strusz, D. L. 1966. Spongophyllidae from the Devonian Garra Formation, New South Wales. Palaeontology, 9:544–598.Google Scholar
Strusz, D. L. 1970. Rhizophyllum and Calceola from the Devonian of New South Wales. Australia, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Bulletin 108:281–303.Google Scholar
Strusz, D. L., and Jell, J. S. 1970. Cyathophyllum (Radiophyllum) from the Devonian of eastern Australia. Australia, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology, and Geophysics, Bulletin 116:119–155.Google Scholar
Stumm, E. C. 1937. The lower Middle Devonian tetracorals of the Nevada Limestone. Journal of Paleontology, 11:423–443.Google Scholar
Stumm, E. C. 1949. Revision of the families and genera of the Devonian tetracorals. Geological Society of America Memoir, 40, viii + 92 p.Google Scholar
Sytova, V. A., and Ulitina, L. M. 1974. Devonskaya Sistema. Podklass Tetracoralla, p. 31–39. In Akopyana, V. T. (ed.), Atlas iskopaemoy fauny Armyanskoy SSR. Izdatel'stvo Akademiya Armyanskoy SSR, Erevan.Google Scholar
Talent, J. A. 1963. The Devonian of the Mitchell and Wentworth Rivers. Geological Survey of Victoria Memoir, 24, 118 p.Google Scholar
Termier, G., and Termier, H. 1950. Paléontologie Marocaine, tome 2, Invertébrés de l'ère primaire, fascicule 1, Foraminifères, Spongiaires et Coelentérés. Hermann et Cie., Paris, 220 p.Google Scholar
Termier, H., and Termier, G. 1948. Étude sur Calceola sandalina Linné. La Revue Scientifique (Paris), 86(4):208–218.Google Scholar
Hsien-Ho, Tsien. 1969. Contribution à l'étude des Rugosa du Couvinien dans la région de Couvin. L'Institut Géologique de L'Université de Louvain, Mémoirs, 25, 174 p.Google Scholar
Tsyganko, V. S. 1981. Devonskie rugozy severa Urala. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Komi Filial Institut Geologii, “NAUKA,” Leningrad, 220 p.Google Scholar
Ulitina, L. M. 1968. Devonskie korally tsistifilliny Zakavkaz'ya. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Paleontologicheskiy Institut, Trudy, 113, 100 p.Google Scholar
Wang, Yu, Yu, Chang-Ming, and Wu, Qi. 1974. Advances in the Devonian biostratigraphy of South China. Nanking Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Memoirs, 6:1–71.Google Scholar
Wang, Zhi-Ping. 1983. Two genera of Middle Devonian rugose corals from Guizhou. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 22:66–70.Google Scholar
Wang, Zhi-Ping, Wang, Xun-Lian, and Wang, Hong-Zhen. 1989. Devonian rugose coral faunas and biogeography of China, p. 239–266. In Wang, Hong-zhen, He, Xin-yi, Chen, Jian-qiang, et al. (eds.). Classification, evolution and biogeography of the Palaeozoic corals of China. Science Press, Beijing. [Chinese with English summary]Google Scholar
Wedekind, R. 1923. Die Gliederung des Mitteldevons auf Grund von Korallen. Gesellschaft zur Beförderung der gesamten Naturwissenschaften zu Marburg, Sitzungsberichte, Jahrgang 1922, p. 24–35.Google Scholar
Wedekind, R. 1925. Das Mitteldevon der Eifel, Eine biostratigraphische Studie, Teil 2: Materialien zur Kenntnis des mittleren Mitteldevon. Gesellschaft zur Beförderung der gesamten Naturwissenschaften zu Marburg Schriften, 14(4), vii + 85 p.Google Scholar
Wedekind, R. 1927. Die Zoantharia Rugosa von Gotland (Bes. Nordgotland). Nebst Bemerkungen zur Biostratigraphie des Gotlandium. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, Ser. Ca, No. 19, 95 p.Google Scholar
Wedekind, R. 1937. Einführung in die Grundlagen der historischen Geologie, Band 2, Mikrobiostratigraphie die Korrallen- und Foraminiferenzeit. Ferdinand Enke verlag, Stuttgart, viii + 136 p.Google Scholar
Wedekind, R., and Vollbrecht, E. 1931. Die Lytophyllidae des mittleren Mitteldevon der Eifel, Teil 1: Das Tatsachenmaterial. Palaeontographica, 75:84–110.Google Scholar
Wedekind, R., and Vollbrecht, E. 1932. Die Lytophyllidae des mittleren Mitteldevon der Eifel, Teil 2: Die systematische Erfassung des Tatsachenmateriales. Palaeontographica, 76:95–115.Google Scholar
Weyer, D. 1996. Calceolidae versus Goniophyllidae (Anthozoa, Rugosa; Silur-Devon). Museum für Naturkunde Magdeburg, Abhandlungen und Berichte für Naturkunde, 19:69–71.Google Scholar
Wright, A. J. 1979. A new Early Devonian solitary ‘cystimorph’ tetracoral from New South Wales. Alcheringa, 3:135–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yin, T. H. 1938. Devonian fauna of the Pochiao Shale of eastern Yunnan. Geological Society of China, Bulletin, 18:3–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yolkin, E. A., Weddige, K., Izokh, N. G., and Erina, M. V. 1994. New Emsian conodont zonation (Lower Devonian). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 168:139–157.Google Scholar
You, Sen-Shing [S. S., Yoh]. 1988. Devonian calceolid corals of south China—the new classification and geological distribution. Professional Papers of Stratigraphy and Palaeontology, 21:1–17. [In Chinese with English summary]Google Scholar
You, Sen-Shing [S. S., Yoh]., and Yu, Chang-Min. 1957. New data on Devonian Calceola in China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1957, 8:247–249. [In Chinese]Google Scholar
Yu, Chang-Min, and J. S., Jell 1990. Early Devonian rugose coral fauna from the Shield Creek Formation, Broken River embayment, north Queensland, p. 169–209. In P. A., Jell (ed.), Devonian and Carboniferous coral studies. Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, Memoirs, 10.Google Scholar
Yu, Chang-Min, and Liao, Wei-Hua. 1978. Middle Devonian rugose corals of Longdongshui Member, Houershan Formation from Dushan district, Guizhou. Academia Sinica, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Memoirs, 12:107–150. [In Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Yu, Chang-Min, Liao, Wei-Hua, and Deng, Zhan-Qiu. 1974. Devonian corals, p. 223–232. In Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica (ed.), A handbook of the stratigraphy and paleontology of southwest China. Science Press, Peking. [In Chinese]Google Scholar
Zhen, Yong-Yi. 1996. Succession of coral associations during a Givetian transgressive-regressive cycle in Queensland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 41:59–88.Google Scholar
Zhen, Yong-Yi, and J. S., Jell 1996. Middle Devonian rugose corals from the Fanning River Group, north Queensland, Australia. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 242:15–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar