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Beyond the Means of 99 Percent of the Population: Business Interests, State Intervention, and Submarine Telegraphy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 June 2015

Simone M. Müller*
Affiliation:
Freiburg University

Abstract

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Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Donald Critchlow and Cambridge University Press 2015 

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Footnotes

I am very grateful to Heidi Tworek and Léonard Laborie for their invaluable feedback on this article.

References

NOTES

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41. The Editor, “Love Making by Telegraph,” The Telegraphist. A Monthly Journal for Postal, Telephone and Railway Telegraph Clerks, 1 December 1883, 4.

42. “Reuters Telegrams,” The Pall Mall Gazette, 11 October 1871.

43. “Epitome of Opinion in the Morning Journals,” The Pall Mall Gazette, 11 October 1871.

44. “News of the Day,” Birmingham Daily Post, 11 October 1871.

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48. “The Anglo-American Telegraph Company,” Leeds Mercury, 15 January 1881.

49. Anderson, James, “Manifesto on Telegraph Charges, 1873,”Google Scholar cited in H.L., “Telegraph Companies and Charges.”

50. On globalization as a perspective, see Conrad, Sebastian and Eckert, Andreas, “Globalgeschichte, Globalisierung, multiple Modernen: Zur Geschichtsschreibung der modernen Welt,” in Globalgeschichte: Theorien, Ansätze, Themen, ed. Conrad, Sebastian (Frankfurt, 2007), 20.Google Scholar

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52. Laborie, L’Europe mise en réseaux; Drake, “The Rise and Decline,” 124.

53. Ibid.; Ahvenainen, “International Telegraph Union,” 64–65; Bureau International de l’Union Télégraphique, L'Union Télégraphique Internationale (1865–1915) (Berne, 1915), 9; Goldsmid, Frederic J., Telegraph and Travel: A Narrative of the Formation and Development of Telegraphic Communication between England and India, under the order of her Majesty’s Government, with incidental notices of the countries traversed by the lines (London, 1874).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

54. “The International Telegraph Conference,” Times, 20 July 1875.

55. “International Telegraph Conference,” Times, 23 June 1879.

56. Maver, William, “Ocean Telegraphy: Extract from the Electrical World [American],” The Telegraphist. A Monthly Journal for Postal, Telephone and Railway Telegraph Clerks 2, June (1884), 87–88.Google Scholar

57. Bright, Bright 1898, 175.

58. Ibid.

59. The Globe Telegraph Company, The Globe Telegraph Company: Report of the Proceedings at an Anniversary Banquet given by Mr. Cyrus Field of New York at The Buckingham Palace Hotel, London, 10.3.1873. In Commemoration of the Signature of the Agreement on the 10th of March, 1854 for the Establishment of a Telegraph Across the Atlantic, March 10, 1873, DOC/ETC/5/58 James Anderson Papers Box 1, Porthcurno Cable and Wireless Archive, 10Google Scholar.

60. Ibid.

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62. Internationale Telegraph Union, Internationale Telegraphen-Conferenz von St. Petersbourg: Vertrag, Dienstreglement und Tarifftabellen (Berne, 1875), 16Google Scholar; The Globe Telegraph Company, The Globe Telegraph Company: Report of the Proceedings at an Anniversary Banquet given by Mr. Cyrus Field of New York at The Buckingham Palace Hotel, London, 10.3.1873. In Commemoration of the Signature of the Agreement on the 10th of March, 1854 for the Establishment of a Telegraph Across the Atlantic, March 10, 1873, DOC/ETC/5/58, James Anderson Papers, Box 1, Porthcurno Cable and Wireless Archive, 10.

63. Internationale Telegraph Union, Internationale Telegraphen-Conferenz von St. Petersbourg: Vertrag, Dienstreglement und TarifftabellenGoogle Scholar, 16.

64. Reinalda, Routledge History of International Organizations, 87.

65. On von Stephan’s reform attempt, see Schipper, “Access for All.”

66. C. H. B. Patey cited in Anderson James, “International Telegraph Convention, London 1879, Proposal of British Post Office. Comments by Cable Companies Letter by James Anderson to Mr. Patey,” POST 30/361 Part I, BT Archives.

67. Ibid.

68. The question of representation was also debated in the Times of London in June 1879. Mercator, “International Telegraph Conference: To the Editor of the Times,” Times, 13 June 1879; Ernest M’Kenna, “The International Telegraph Conference: To the Editor of the Times,” Times, 17 June 1879; H. R. Meyer, “The International Telegraph Conference,” Times, 17 June 1879.

69. General Post Office, “Telegraph Conference 1879. Meeting of Representatives of Telegraph Companies in Mr. Patey’s Room,” 10 February 1879, BT ArchivesGoogle Scholar.

70. “International Telegrams,” Daily News, 26 July 1879.

71. Lee, Kelley, Global Telecommunications Regulation: A Political Economy Perspective (London, 1996), 59.Google Scholar

72. Reinalda, Routledge History of International Organizations, 88.

73. Andrews, cited in “Foreign Telegrams: The New Regulations,” Manchester Guardian, 16 December 1875.

74. Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire, 57.

75. Griset and Headrick, “Submarine Telegraph Cables,” 553.

76. Porter, Adrian, The Life and Letter of Sir John Henniker Heaton Bt.: By his Daughter Mrs. Adrian Porter with numerous Illustrations (New York, 1916), 10.Google Scholar

77. “Cable Rate Abuses: J. Henniker Heaton’s Call for a Universal 2-Cent Charge Stirs the Whole World,” New York Times, 29 November 1908.

78. Heaton, J. H., The Postal and Telegraphic Communication of the Empire: A Paper read before the Royal Colonial Institute on Tuesday, March 13, 1888 (London, 1888), 1415Google Scholar; Heaton, “Wireless Telegraphy—Friend or Foe: To the Editor of the Times,” Times, 5 February 1903.

79. Heaton, “A Cable Post”; Heaton, “The Cable Telegraph System of the World,” Arena 38, no. 214 (September 1907); Heaton, “The World’s Cables and the Cable’s Rings,” Financial Review of Reviews (May 1908).

80. “The State Ownership of Cables: Mansion-House Meeting” and “Cable Reform,” Times, 12 December 1908.

81. Heaton, “Penny-a-Word Telegrams throughout the Empire,” 15.

82. Ibid., 16.

83. Heaton, “Penny-a-Word Telegrams throughout the Empire,” 12.

84. Heaton, “A Cable Post,” 661.

85. Heaton, The Postal and Telegraphic Communication, 13.

86. Heaton, “A Postal Magna Charta: To the Editor of the Times,” Times, 24 August 1895.

87. Heaton, cited in Bright, Submarine Telegraphs, 173.

88. Heaton, “A Postal Magna Charta.”

89. Heaton, The Postal and Telegraphic Communication, 3.

90. Heaton, “A Cable Post.”

91. Hills, Jill, The Struggle for Control of Global Communication: The Formative Century (Urbana, 2002), 5.Google Scholar

92. Ibid.

93. Headrick, Tools of Empire, 162.

94. Heaton, J. H., “Imperial Telegraph Cables: To the Editor of the Times,” Times, 3 March 1902Google Scholar.

95. Heaton, “The Press Conference and Cable Rates.

96. Pender, John, “The Pacific Cable. Letter to Sir Charles Tupper,” Times, 1 June 1894Google Scholar; Winseck and Pike, Communication and Empire, 180, 337.

97. Winseck and Pike, Communication and Empire, 175.

98. Anderson, James cited in Daily News, “Telegraph Companies and Charges,” 18 February 1873Google Scholar.

99. Anderson’s argument is indirectly quoted by Heaton in the following: Heaton, “A Cable Post,” 661; on transatlantic mail traffic, see Shulman, “Ben Franklin’s Ghost.”

100. Bright, Charles, “Universal Penny-a-word Telegraphy: Letter to the Editor,” Times, 18 November 1908Google Scholar.

101. Heaton, “Universal Penny-a-word Telegraphy: To the Editor of the Times,” Times, 18 November 1908.