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Hailam Chinese in Sabah: A Study of Occupational Patterns and Changes
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 April 2011
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Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia have received substantial attention in the past two decades. Some studies focus on the Chinese of a particular place or country; others seek to make a general survey of Chinese communities throughout all of Southeast Asia. Most studies, however, concentrate on the problematic aspects and political implications of these Chinese communities. Due to the generalized treatment, without regard to place and length of residence abroad, the Chinese in Southeast Asia are often viewed as an undifferentiated mass, homogeneous in outlook and behaviour.
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- Copyright © The National University of Singapore 1975
References
1 The term “Overseas Chinese” is here intended to include any person of Chinese ancestry who is residing in a country outside China but who (or whose ancestors) originally emigrated from China, regardless of his present citizenship. The term also applies to the descendants of Chinese and non-Chinese unions if they support, or participate in, Chinese affairs or are members of Chinese organizations.
1 For example: Fortier, David H., Cultured Change among Chinese Agricultural Settlers in British North Borneo (unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1964)Google Scholar; Topley, Marjorie, “Capital, Saving and Credit among Indigenous Rice Farmers and Immigrant Vegetable Farmers in Hong Kong's New Territories”, in Firth, Raymond and Yamey, B. S. (eds.), Capital, Saving and Credit in Peasant Societies (Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1964), pp. 157–184Google Scholar.
3 Willmott, Donald E., The Chinese of Semarang: A Changing Minority Community in Indonesia, (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University; Modern Indonesia Project, Monograph series, 1963)Google Scholar; Gosling, L. A. Peter, “Migration of Rural Chinese in Trengganu,” Malayan and Indonesian Studies (London: Oxford University Press, 1964), pp. 203–221Google Scholar.
4 Newell, William H., Treacherous River: A Study of Rural Chinese in North Malaya (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: University of Malaya Press, 1962)Google Scholar. Charksons, James D. in his research paper entitled The Cultural Ecology of a Chinese Village: Cameron Highlands, Malaysia (Chicago: Department of Geography Research Paper No. 114, University of Chicago Press, 1968)Google Scholar also provides a comprehensive yet in depth analysis of the Hakka, Teochiu and Kaochiu farmers in their perception and treatment of tropical soils.
5 Although most of the terms and place-names in this study are recorded in Mandarin and modified Wade-Giles system of Romanization used in the Journal of Asian Studies, the Mandarin form of pronunciation of individual speech group is so different as to be misleading. The terms of individual speech groups used in this study are those commonly pronounced by Chinese and indigenous population in Sabah. Hence, Hailam is used instead of Hai-nan-jen. To clarify, however, Hailam are also known to some people as Hainanese, Hoilam, or Hainam.
6 Victor Purcell, The Chinese in Malaya (London: Oxford University Press, 1948), p. 214.
7 For example, Tan Yeok-Seong, a Singapore Chinese scholar, refuted Purcell's account of the racial background and political attitudes of the Hailam. See Tan Yeok-Seong, “Yu Pa-su po-shih lun Hai-nan min-tsu: P'ing Tung-nan-ya Hua-ch'iao” (A Criticism of Dr. Purcell's Comments on Hailam Chinese), Journal of the South Seas Society, XIV, 1958.
8 Skinner, William, Chinese Society in Thailand (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1962)Google Scholar; Willmott, William E., The Chinese in Cambodia (Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 1967)Google Scholar; Ju-Kiang, Tien, The Chinese of Sarawak: A Study of Social Structure (London: London School of Economics and Political Science, Monographs on Social Anthropology, No. 12, 1953)Google Scholar.
9 For a detailed study of the history of Chinese migration into Sabah, see Han, Sin-Fong, A Study of the Occupational Patterns and Social Interaction of Overseas Chinese in Sabah, Malaysia (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1971), pp. 31–64Google Scholar.
10 Ming, Hsieh Ching (ed.), Nan-yang Chiung-jen kung-shang yeh fa-chan Shih (The Commercial Directory of Hainanese in Nanyang). (Singapore: Keng Boon Publishing Company, 1960)Google Scholar, Section on North Borneo, pp. 73-132.
11 Ming-Shu, Chen, Hainan Tao-chih (Description of Hainan Island) (Shanghai: Shen chou Kuo-Kuang Press, 1933) p. 84Google Scholar.
12 Hsian-Yung, Chen, Chiung-Ya (The Island of Hainan) Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1934), p. 21Google Scholar.
13 For further details, please see Sin-Fong Han, pp. 101-209.
14 For detail figures, see Hsieh Ching Ming (ed.), op. cit.
15 See W. Skinner, p. 317.
16 See W. E. Willmott, pp. 48-50.
17 According to the oral history of elder informants, dining the pre-World War Two era, only a few Hailam had operated businesses other than the coffee shop enterprise with measurable success. They were Lin Ting Chao of Kota Kinabalu (proprietor of Wan Yuen Company); Lin Teh Wen of Sandakan (proprietor of Si Ho Company); Han Ming Choon (proprietor of Fong Yuen grocery store) and Han Pu Yuen (proprietor of Wah Yien retailing store of Labuan); and Foo Pa Eng of Beaufort (proprietor of gold and jewelry trade).
18 For details, please read Sin-Fong Han, pp. 183-186.
19 This is based on the writer's observation and personal conversations with numerous Hailam coffee shop proprietors in Kuching, Seria, Brunei, and Singapore when he visited these places during July and August, 1970.