Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-nwzlb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T02:57:13.076Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

CRISES AS A DISEASE OF THE BODY POLITICK. A METAPHOR IN THE HISTORY OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY ECONOMICS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 April 2011

Abstract

This paper examines the use of the medical metaphor in the early theories of crises. It first considers the borrowing of medical terminology and generic references to disease, which, notwithstanding their relatively trivial character, illustrate how crises were originally conceived as disturbances (often of a political nature) to a naturally healthy system. Then it shows how a more specific metaphor, the fever of speculation, shifted the emphasis by treating prosperity as the diseased phase, to which crises are a remedy. The metaphor of the epidemic spreading of the disease introduced the theme of the cumulative character of both upswing and downswing, while the similitude with intermittent fevers accounted for the recurring nature of crises. Finally, the paper examines how the medical reflections on the causality of diseases contributed to the epistemology of crises theory, and reflects on the metaphysical shift accompanying the transition from the theories of crises to the theories of cycles.

Type
Research Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The History of Economics Society 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ackerknecht, E. H. 1948. “Anticontagionism between 1821 and 1867.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 22: 562593.Google ScholarPubMed
Ackerknecht, E. H. 1967. Medicine at the Paris hospital 1794–1848. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.Google Scholar
Aftalion, A. 1913. Les crises périodiques de surproduction. Tome I: Les variations périodiques des prix et des revenus. Les théories dominantes. Tome II. Les mouvements périodiques de la production. Essai d’une théorie. Paris: Marcel Rivière.Google Scholar
Albury, W. R. 1998. “Corvisart and Broussais: Human Individuality and Medical Dominance.” In Hannaway, C. and La Berge, A., eds., Constructing Paris Medicine. Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp. 221250.Google Scholar
Alison, A. 1849. “Free Trade at its Zenith.” Blackwood Magazine (December). Reprinted in Essays, political, historical, and miscellaneous. Volume 1. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood, 1850, pp. 618660.Google Scholar
[Anderson, W.]. 1847. Thoughts on the currency: with suggestions for placing it on a new and permanent basis. By a resident in Sunderland. Bishopswearmouth: G. Burnett.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1696. A Review of the universal remedy for all diseases incident to coin. With application to our present circumstances. In a letter to Mr. Locke. London: Printed for A. and J. Churchill.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1729. The advantages of peace and commerce; with some remarks on the East-India trade. London: Printed for J. Brotherton.Google Scholar
Anonymous. [1743]. An Enquiry into the melancholy circumstances of Great Britain: more particularly in regard to the oeconomy of private families and persons, gentlemen, clergy, farmers, merchants, tradesmen, mechanicks, &c. With observations on the new methods of living and diversions in both city and country, with some remedies to prevent the ruin of private families… Also some hints to prevent the growing poverty of these nations. London: W. Bickerton.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1762. [Review of] “A Letter to a Merchant at Bristol, concerning a Petition of S.T., Esq; to the King, for an exclusive Grant to the Trade of the River Senegal.” Monthly Review 27(December): 477478.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1768. An Answer to a pamphlet, intitled, ‘Thoughts on the causes and consequences of the present high price of provisions:’ In a letter, addressed to the supposed author of that pamphlet. London: Printed for W. Bingley.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1790. “Discours préliminaire” to Law, J., Oeuvres… contenant les principes sur le numéraire, le commerce, le crédit et les banques. Avec des notes. Paris: Chez Buisson, pp. il.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1818. Practice opposed to theory; or, An inquiry into the nature of our commercial distress, with a view to the development of its true causes, and the suggestion of a suitable remedy. By a practical man. London: Richardson.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1825. A collection of conflicting opinions upon the corn question: extracted from the writings of the most eminent economists and contrasted in parallel columns: with notes and observations by the compiler. London: Printed for the author and sold by Sherwood, Neely and Jones.Google Scholar
Anonymous 1. 1826. Commerce in consternation: or, The banking bubble burst! Being a sketch of the rise, progress, and decline, of the late paper panic. London: Printed for C. F. Cock.Google Scholar
Anonymous 2. 1826. A Letter to the Right Hon. Robert Peel… upon the necessity of adopting some parliamentary measure to control the issues of country bankers, and to prevent the recurrence of the late shock to public and private credit, with the heads of a bill for that purpose. London: J. Hatchard and Son.Google Scholar
Anonymous 3 (Polœconomicus). 1826. The Currency: from the Edinburgh Times, February 25, 1826. [s. l. : s. n.].Google Scholar
Anonymous 4. 1826. A Comment upon Thomas Tooke, Esq. By a member of the Russia and Levant companies, and one of the court of assistants of the East-Land company. London: Printed for J.M. Richardson and R. Hunter.Google Scholar
Anonymous 5. [1826]. On the cause and remedy of the present commercial distress. [s. l.].Google Scholar
Anonymous 6. 1826. The panic. London: Hatchard and Son.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1829. Thoughts on the present Distress. London: Ridgway.Google Scholar
Anonymous 1. 1830. Abstract propositions touching certain points in political economy, bearing chiefly upon questions relating to banking, to credit and capital, to the present prevailing distress, to wages, and to corn laws. Edinburgh: Printed by A. Shortree.Google Scholar
Anonymous 2. 1830. “Consumption.” In Lieber, F., ed., Encyclopaedia Americana. A popular dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature, History, Politics and Biography brought down to the Present Time. Volume IV. Philadelphia: Carey and Lea, pp. 493495.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1831. An Answer to the speech of the late Right Hon. W. Huskisson, delivered on Thursday, March 18, 1830, on the state of the country. London: J. Hatchard and Son.Google Scholar
Anonymous 1. 1836. Strictures on the report of the Secret Committee on joint stock banks: with an appendix containing some valuable tables compiled from the evidence. London: J. Thomas.Google Scholar
Anonymous 2. 1836. Thoughts on banking and the currency. By a citizen of Western New-York. Seneca Falls: Printed by J.H. Child.Google Scholar
Anonymous. [1837]. The Causes of the present crisis. By an examiner. [Philadelphia].Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1838. The Supra-Treasury bill: or, Relief for hard times. Boston: Perkins & Marvin.Google Scholar
Anonymous 1. 1841. “On the causes, preventions, and remedies of the present distress among manufactures.” The Derby Mercury 5710 (15 December).Google Scholar
Anonymous 2. 1841. Remarks upon Mr. Appleton’s Remarks on currency and banking. By a disinterested witness. Boston: Eastburn’s Press.Google Scholar
Anonymous 3. [1841]. Fallacies of the philanthropists! A candid appeal to common sense, in some plain talking to the manufacturers and artisans about themselves and the agriculturists, and a proposition to Government for establishing a recognized intelligible standard for the price of corn, with a word for the weavers, addressed to their countrywomen, by Scrutator. London: W.H. Dalton.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1842. Corn-law opposition detected and exposed, and its real nature laid bare: a few words addressed to people of common sense. By a plain man. London: John Olliver.Google Scholar
Anonymous. [1843]. Anti-Corn law soiree in Leith. Edinburgh: T. Allan.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1844. “Over-production and general distress. To the editor of The Times.” The Phalanx: Organ of the Doctrine of Association I, 10 (18 May): 139144.Google Scholar
Anonymous 1. 1845. [untitled]. The Morning Chronicle 2346 (9 January).Google Scholar
Anonymous 2. [1845]. The Railway investment guide: how to make money by railway shares: being a series of hints and advice to parties speculating in the shares of British, colonial and foreign railways. London: G. Mann.Google Scholar
Anonymous 3. 1845. “Railway symptoms.” The Satirist; or, the Censor of the Times 691 (13 July).Google Scholar
Anonymous 4. 1845. “To our subscribers.” Bankers’ Circular and Monetary Times 938 (5 December): 169173.Google Scholar
Anonymous 1. 1846. Brief considerations with reference to the corn laws and on the theory of protection generally. London: J. Ollivier.Google Scholar
Anonymous 2. 1846. Upon the probable influence of a repeal of the corn laws upon the trade in corn. London: J. Ridgway.Google Scholar
Anonymous 3. 1846. Remarks on the bill to amend the laws relating to bankruptcy and insolvency. [London: W. Clowes].Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1848. “Begin at the beginning.” London Journal 7, 172 (June): 212.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1849. “Early marriages induced by unreal prosperity.” The Family Economist 2: 5558.Google Scholar
Anonymous 2. 1849. “Handelskrise.” In Meyer, J., ed., Das grosse Conversations-Lexicon für die gebildeten Stände. Volume 14. Hildburghausen: Bibliographisches institut, p. 1030.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1850. “The causes of commercial crises. Causes of Commercial Embarrassments; Speculations; California Trade; Money Market, &c.” The Bankers’ Magazine and Statistical Register 5, 1 (July): 14.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1852. “The canker of trade.”. The Leader 3, 113 (May): 489490.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1857. “Concerning the panic.” Reynolds’s Newspaper (London), issue 379, 15 November.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1869. “Ethics and Economics of Commercial Speculation.” The Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review 41, 2 (April): 235248.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1872. “A golden sorrow.” Chambers’s Journal of Popular Literature, Science and Arts 434(April): 244250.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1875. “Monetary panics and the Board of Trade.” The Bankers’ Magazine and Statistical Register 10, 1 (July): 13.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1879. “The periodicity of panics.” The Economist 11(January): 3233.Google Scholar
Appleton, N. 1841. Remarks on currency and banking: having reference to the present derangement of the circulating medium in the United States. Boston: Little and Brown.Google Scholar
[Attwood, T.]. 1841. The Present state of banking in England considered: in a letter addressed to the Right Hon. Earl Fitzwilliam, by a Scotch banker. London: Smith, Elder.Google Scholar
Aytoun, James. 1847. The railways and the currency as connected with the present monetary crisis. Edinburgh: A. & C. Black.Google Scholar
Bacon, L. 1837. The duties connected with the present commercial distress: a sermon preached in… New Haven, May 21, 1837 and repeated May 23. New Haven: Hitchcock & Stafford.Google Scholar
Baring, T. 1843. Speech of Thomas Baring, Esq. delivered before the electors of the City of London on… October 6th, 1843, at the London Tavern. London: Brown and Syrett.Google Scholar
Barkan, Leonard. 1975. Nature’s Work of Art. The Human Body as Image of the World. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Barnes, B. 1606. Fovre bookes of offices: enabling privat persons for the speciall seruice of all good princes and policies. London: Printed at the charges of George Bishop, T. Adams, and C. Burbie.Google Scholar
[Battie, J.]. 1644. The merchants remonstrance. Wherein is set forth the inevitable miseries which may suddenly befall this kingdome by want of trade, and decay of manufactures. By I.B. of London merchant. London: Printed by R.H.Google Scholar
Beaude, J. P. 1849. Dictionnaire de Médicine Usuelle. Paris: Didier.Google Scholar
Bell, G. M. 1842. The country banks and the currency: an examination of the evidence on banks of issue given before a Select Committee of the House of Commons in 1841. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans.Google Scholar
Besomi, D. 2006. “Tendency to Equilibrium, the Possibility of Crisis, and the History of Business Cycle Theories.” History of Economic Ideas XIV, 2: 53104.Google Scholar
Besomi, D. 2008a. “James Anthony Lawson on Commercial Panics and their Recurrence.” Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 19, 4 (December): 330341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besomi, D. 2008b. “John Wade’s Early Endogenous Dynamic Model: ‘Commercial Cycle’ and Theories of Crises.” European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 15, 4 (December): 611639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besomi, D. 2008c. “Current Crises and Past Ones: Early Commentaries in the Press.” Storia del Pensiero Economico 2(July–December): 173177.Google Scholar
Besomi, D. 2010a. “Paper Money and National Distress. William Huskisson and the Early Theories of Credit, Speculation and Crises.” European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 17, 1 (March): 137.Google Scholar
Besomi, D. 2010b. “The Periodicity of Crises. A Survey of the Literature before 1850.” Journal of the History of Economic Thought 32, 1 (March): 85132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besomi, D. 2010c. “‘Periodic Crises’: Clément Juglar between Theories of Crises and Theories of Business Cycles.” Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology. Vol. 28A: 169238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bicchieri, C. 1988. “Should a Scientist Abstain from Metaphor?” In Klamer, A., McCloskey, D. N., and Solow, R. M., eds., The Consequences of Economic Rhetoric. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 100114.Google Scholar
Black, M. 1962. Models and Metaphors. Studies in Language and Philosophy, Itacha-London: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanc, Louis. 1848. The organization of labour. London: H.G. Clarke.Google Scholar
Blanqui, A. 1836. “Crise commerciale.” Encyclopédie des gents du monde. Volume VII. Paris: Librairie de Treuttel et Würtz, pp. 257259.Google Scholar
Boccardo, G. 1854. Rapporto sulla crisi commerciale. Genova: Camera di commercio.Google Scholar
Boers, F., and Demelecher, M. 1997. “A Few Metaphorical Models in (Western) Economic Discourse.” In Liebert, W.-A., Redeker, G., and Waugh, L., eds., Discourse and Perspective in Cognitive Linguistics. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing Company, pp. 115129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouron, A. 1868. Guerre au crédit, ou Considérations sur les dangers de l’emprunt. Ouvrage posthume de A. Bouron. Paris: Guillaumin.Google Scholar
Boyd, W. 1801. A letter to the Right Honourable William Pitt: on the influence of the stoppage of issues in specie at the Bank of England, on the prices of provisions, and other commodities. London: Printed for J. Wright.Google Scholar
Briaune, J.-E. 1840. Des crises commerciales. De leur causes et de leur remèdes, Paris: Bouchard-Huzard. Reprinted New York: Burt Franklin, 1971.Google Scholar
Broglie, A. de. 1849. “De la question vinicole, et de l’urgence de la résoudre dans la crise actuelle.” Journal des Économistes 22, 96 (15 March): 363373.Google Scholar
Brydges, E. 1819. The population and riches of nations, considered together, not only with regard to their positive and relative increase, but with regard to their tendency to morals, prosperity, and happiness. Paris: J.J. Paschoud.Google Scholar
Buchanan, D. 1814. Observations on the subjects treated of in Dr Smith’s inquiry into the nature and the causes of the wealth of nations. Edinburgh: Oliphant, Waugh & Innes; London: J. Murray.Google Scholar
Buchanan, D. 1844. Inquiry into the taxation and commercial policy of Great Britain: with observations on the principles of currency and of exchangeable value. Edinburgh: William Tait; London: Simpkin, Marshall; Dublin: John Cumming.Google Scholar
Canguilhem, G. 1966. Le normal et le pathologique. Paris: PUF. English translation: The Normal and the Pathological. New York: Zone Books, 1991.Google Scholar
Cannon, W. B. 1941. “The Body Physiologic and the Body Politic.” Science 93, 2401 (3 January): 110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carey, M. 1816. Essays on Banking. Philadelphia: Carey.Google Scholar
Carey, M. [1831]. Free trade. The new olive branch: to the citizens of South Carolina. No. XVII, new series, no. V. [s.l. : s.n.].Google Scholar
Carey, M. 1833. Collectanea: displaying the rise and progress of the tariff system of the United States, the various efforts made to establish the protecting system, its final triumph in the Tariff of 1824, and its abandonment by the Tariff of 1833: also, the rise, progress and final triumph of nullification… and finally the stupendous folly and impolicy to which that disastrous result may be ascribed. Second edition, improved. Philadelphia: Printed by J. Young.Google Scholar
Cargill, W. 1847. The currency, showing how a fixed gold standard places England in permanent disadvantage and produces periodical domestic convulsions. Second edition. London: Olliver.Google Scholar
Carter, K. C. 1997. “Causes of Disease and Causes of Death.” Continuity and Change 12, 2: 189198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, K. C. 2003. The Rise of the Causal Concepts of Disease. Case Histories. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Chalmers, G. 1817. Comparative views of the state of Great Britain and Ireland; as it was, before the war; as it is, since the peace. London: Printed for T. Egerton.Google Scholar
[Chalmers, T.]. 1846. [Review of] “ The philosophy of trade; or, outlines of a theory of profits and prices, including an examination of the principles which determine the relative value of corn labour and currency. By Patrick James Stirling.” North British Review 6, 11(November): 87116.Google Scholar
Chamberlayne, E. 1683. The third part of The present state of England. Wherein is set forth the riches, strength, magnificence, natural production, manufactures, wonders and rarities, progress of learning, arts and ingenuities, &c. With a more perfect and methodical catalogue of the nobility, with their seats, than any hitherto extant. London: Printed for William Whitwood.Google Scholar
Chomel, A. F. 1826. “Causes prédisposantes.” In Bèclard, A., Chomel, H., Cloquet, J., and Orfila, M., Nouveau dictionnaire de médicine, chirurgie, pharmacie, physique, chimie, histoire naturelle, etc., ou l’on trouve l’étymologie de tus les termes usités dans ces sciences, et l’histoire concise de chacune des matières qui y ont rapport. Volume 1. Paris: Gabon et compagnie, p. 391.Google Scholar
Clément, A. 2003. “The Influence of Medicine on Political Economy in the Seventeenth Century.” History of Economics Review 38(Summer): 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[Cockburn, R.]. 1840. Remarks suggested by the present state of trade and credit. London: E. Wilson.Google Scholar
[Cockburn, R.]. 1842. Remarks on trade and credit: originally published in January, 1840, now reprinted with additions and corrections. London: E. Wilson.Google Scholar
Cohen, I. B. 1993. “Analogy, Homology, and Metaphor in the Interaction between the Natural Sciences and the Social Sciences, Especially Economics.” In de Marchi, N., ed., Non-natural Social Science: Reflecting on the Enterprise of More Heath than Light. Durham and London: Duke University Press, pp. 744.Google Scholar
Cohen, I. B. 1994. Interactions: Some Contacts between the Natural Sciences and the Social Sciences. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colton, C. 1843. The currency. New York: Greeley & McElrath.Google Scholar
Cooke, J. E. 1828. “An Essay on the Theory of Fever.” Transylvania Journal of Medicine and the Associate Sciences 1, 1 (February): 5992.Google Scholar
Coquelin, C. 1848. Du crédit et des banques. Paris: Guillaumin.Google Scholar
Coquelin, C. 1852. “Crises commerciales.” In Coquelin, Ch.et Guillaumin, , eds., Dictionnaire de l’économie politique, contenant l’exposition des principes de la science, l’opinion des écrivains qui ont le plus contribué à sa fondation et à ses progrès, la bibliographie générale de l’économie politique par noms d’auteurs et par ordre de matières avec des notices biographiques et une appréciation raisonnée des principaux ouvrages. Paris: Guillaumin, pp. 526534.Google Scholar
Corbet, T. 1841. An inquiry into the causes and modes of the wealth of individuals: or, The principles of trade and speculation explained. London: Smith, Elder & Co.Google Scholar
Cory, I. P. 1842. Competition: its abuse one of the chief causes of the present distress among the trading, manufacturing, and commercial classes: with suggestions for remedying it. London: Painter.Google Scholar
Courcelle-Seneuil, J. G. 1842. “Pauperisme.” In Duclerc, E. and Pagnerre, , Dictionnaire politique: Encyclopédie du langage et de la science. Paris: Pagnerre, pp. 694697.Google Scholar
Courcelle-Seneuil, J. G. 1867. Traité théorique et pratique d’économie politique. Second edition. Paris: Amyot.Google Scholar
Crewdson, T. 1830. An inquiry into the effect of the corn laws on the prosperity of Great Britain and Ireland. London: E. Wilson.Google Scholar
Dalbiac, J. C. 1841. A few words on the corn laws: wherein are brought under consideration certain of the statements which are to be found in the 3d ed. of Mr. McCulloch’s pamphlet upon the same subject. London: J. Ollivier.Google Scholar
Defoe, D. 1730. A brief state of the inland or home trade, of England; And of the oppressions it suffers, and the dangers which threaten it from the invasion of hawkers, pedlars, and clandestine traders of all sorts. Humbly represented to the present Parliament. London: Tho. Warner.Google Scholar
Desmedt, L. 2005. “Money in the ‘Body Politick’: The Analysis of Trade and Circulation in the Writings of Seventeenth-Century Political Arithmeticians.” History of Political Economy 37,1 (Spring): 79101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doubleday, T. 1847. A financial, monetary and statistical history of England from the Revolution of 1688 to the present time: derived principally from official documents: in seventeen letters addressed to the young men of Great Britain. London: E. Wilson.Google Scholar
Ducheyne, S. 2006. “Galileo’s Interventionist Notion of ‘Cause.’Journal of the History of Ideas 67, 3 (July): 443464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dupin, C. 1839. La crise commerciale de 1839 examinée dans ses causes, son étendue et les moyens d’y mettre un terme. Paris: Bureaux du mémorial du commerce.Google Scholar
Dupin, C. 1846. “Crise commerciale.” In Encyclopédie du dix-neuvième siecle. Répertoire universel des sciences, des lettres et de l’art, avec la biographie des hommes célèbres. Volume 9. Paris: au Bureau de l’Encyclopédie, pp. 308311.Google Scholar
Eden, T. E. 1846. The search for nitre, and the nature of guano: being an account of a voyage to the south-west coast of Africa: also a description of the minerals found there and of the guano islands in that part of the world. London: R.G.Google Scholar
Eisdell, J. S. 1839. A treatise on the industry of nations: or, The principles of national economy and taxation. London: G. B. Whittaker and Co.Google Scholar
Evans, A. S. 1993. Causation and Disease. A Chronological Journey. New York and London: Plenum Medical Book Company.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fabian, A. 1989. “Speculation on Distress: The Popular Discourse of the Panics of 1837 and 1857.” Yale Journal of Criticism 3(Fall): 127142.Google Scholar
Felt, J. B. 1839. An historical account of Massachusetts currency. Boston: Printed by Perkins & Marvin.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, Andrea. 2000. Harmony and the Balance: An Intellectual History of Seventeenth-Century English Economic Thought. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fillmore, M. 1842. Speech of Mr. Fillmore, of New York, on the Tariff Bill: delivered in the Committee of the Whole House of Representatives, June 9, 1842. Washington: National Intelligencer office.Google Scholar
Fisk, T. 1837. The banking bubble burst: or, The mammoth corruptions of the paper money system relieved by bleeding: being a history of the enormous legalized frauds practised upon the community by the present American banking system, their deleter[i]ous effects upon public morals and private happiness. Charleston, SC: s.n.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 1963. Naissance de la clinique. Une archéologie du regard médical. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. English translation: The Birth of the Clinic. An Archaeology of Medical Perception. New York: Vintage Books, 1994.Google Scholar
Foville, A. de. 1888. “Essai de Météorologic Economique et Sociale.” Journal de la Societé de Statistique de Paris 29: 243249.Google Scholar
Francis, J. [1847]. History of the Bank of England, its times and traditions. London: Willoughby.Google Scholar
Frobert, L., and Hamouda, O. 2008. “The Influence of the Study of Medicine on Clément Juglar’s First Take on the Economic Cycle, 1846–1862.” Journal of the History of Economic Thought 30, 2 (June): 173198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garas, A., Argyrakis, P., Rozenblat, C., Tomassini, M., and Havlin, S.. 2010. “Worldwide spreading of economic crisis.” New Journal of Physics 12, 11(November) 113–43.Google Scholar
Garnier, J. 1859. “Crises commerciales.” In Guillaumin, G. U., ed., Dictionnaire universel, théorique et pratique du commerce et de la navigation, marchandises: produits naturels et produits fabriqués… Géographie commerciale: état, nature et mouvement du commerce de chaque place… Droit commercial terrestre et maritime. Navigation. Marine marchande… Douanes… Economie politique appliquée. Volume 1. Paris: Guillaumin, pp. 920925.Google Scholar
Gérando, J.-M. de. 1839. De la bienfaisance publique. Volume 1. Paris: J. Renouard.Google Scholar
Gilbart, J. W. 1841. Currency and banking: a review of some of the principles and plans that have recently engaged public attention, with reference to the administration of the currency. London: H. Hooper.Google Scholar
Gordon, T. F. 1836. Gazetteer of the State of New York, comprehending its colonial history, general geography, geology, and internal improvements, its political state, a minute description of its several counties, towns, and villages, statistical tables… : with a map of the state and a map of each county, and plans of the cities and principal villages. Philadelphia: Printed for the Author.Google Scholar
[Gore, M.]. 1830. A Few Brief Hints on the Causes of the Present Distress. London: James Ridgway.Google Scholar
Gouge, W. M. 1833. A short history of paper money and banking in the United States, including an account of provincial and continental paper money: to which is prefixed an account of the principles of the system: with considerations of its effects on morals and happiness, the whole intended as a plain exposition of the way in which paper money and money corporations affect the interests of different portions of the community. Philadelphia: T.W. Ustick.Google Scholar
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Committee of Secrecy. 1833. A digest of the evidence on the Bank charter taken before the Committee of 1832, arranged together with the tables under proper heads: to which are prefixed strictures and illustrative remarks: also copious indexes, &c. &c. London: J. Ridgway.Google Scholar
Greene, W. B. 1850. Mutual banking. West Brookfield (Mass.): O.S. Cooke.Google Scholar
Grmek, D. M. 1993. “Il concetto di malattia.” In Grmek, , ed., Storia del pensiero medico occidentale. 1. Antichità e medioevo. Milan: Laterza, pp. 323347.Google Scholar
Grmek, D. M. 1996. “Il concetto di malattia.” In Grmek, , ed., Storia del pensiero medico occidentale. 2. Dal Rinascimento all’inizio dell’Ottocento. Milan: Laterza, pp. 259289.Google Scholar
Grmek, D. M. 1998. “Il concetto di malattia.” In Grmek, , ed., Storia del pensiero medico occidentale. 3. Dall’età romantica alla medicina moderna. Milan: Laterza, pp. 221253.Google Scholar
Groenewegen, P. D., ed. 2001. Physicians and Political Economy: Six Studies of the Work of Doctor Economists. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, D. G. 1971. The Body Politic. A Political Metaphor in Renaissance English Literature. The Hague and Paris: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halifax, C. W. 1847. Speech of the Chancellor of the Exchequer on moving for a Select Committee to inquire into the causes of the recent commercial distress, etc., on the 30th November, 1847. London: Ridgway.Google Scholar
Halle, E. H. von. 1888. “Handelskrisis.” In Meyers Konversations-Lexikon: eine Encyklopädie des allgemeinen Wissens. Volume 8. Fourth edition. Leipzig: Verlag des Bibliographische Institut, pp. 8794Google Scholar
Hamlin, C. 1992. “Predisposing Causes and Public Health in Early Nineteenth-Century Medical Thought.” Social History of Medicine 5, 1: 4370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hannaway, C., and La Berge, A., eds. 1998. Constructing Paris Medicine. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Henderson, W. “Metaphor and Economics.” In Backhouse, R., ed., New Directions in Economic Methodology. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 343367.Google Scholar
Hill, J. 1810. An inquiry into the causes of the present high price of gold bullion in England: and its connection with the state of foreign exchanges, with observations on the report of the bullion committee: in a series of letters addressed to Thomas Thompson, Esq. M.P., one of the members of the bullion committee. London: Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown.Google Scholar
Hooper, R. 1817. A new medical dictionary; containing an explanation of the terms in anatomy, physiology, practice of physics, materia medica, chymistry, pharmacy, surgery, midwifery, and the various branches of natural philosophy connected with medicine. Philadelphia: Carey & Son, Warner, Parker.Google Scholar
Huskisson, W. 1810. The question concerning the depreciation of our currency stated and examined. London: John Murray.Google Scholar
Huskisson, W. 1826. “1826. Feb. 10. Bank Charter, and Promissory Notes Acts.” In The speeches of the Right Honourable William Huskisson: with a biographical memoir supplied to the editor from authentic sources. London: J. Murray, 1831.Google Scholar
[Innes, C. N. 1848]. “[Review of] The statistical account of Scotland; drawn up from the communications of the Ministers of the different Parishes; and The new statistical account of Scotland.Quarterly Review 82, 164 (March): 342390.Google Scholar
John of Salesbury (Bishop of Chartres). 1159. Policratucus. De nugis curialium et de vestigiis philosophorum. English edition as C. J. Nederman, ed., Policraticus: of the frivolities of Courtiers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. 1966. “The Money = Blood Metaphor, 1300–1800.” The Journal of Finance 21, 1 (March): 119122.Google Scholar
Juglar, C. 1857. “Des crises commerciales et monetaires de 1800 à 1857.” Journal des Économistes XIV (April and May): 3560 and 255267.Google Scholar
Juglar, C. 1862. Des Crises Commerciales et de leur retour périodique en France, an Angleterre et aux Etats-Unis. Paris: Guillaumin.Google Scholar
Juglar, C. 1863. “Crises Commerciales.” In Block, M., Dictionnaire général de la Politique. Paris: Lorenz. English trans. C. Dangel-Hagnauer, in Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, vol. 28A, 2010: 115–147.Google Scholar
Juglar, C. 1867. “Comptes Rendus Comparés de la Banque de France Après les Crises de 1839, 1847, 1857, et 1864.” First part. Journal des Economistes 3rd series, 5(August): 6072.Google Scholar
Juglar, C. 1884. [Contribution to a debate held before the Société d’économie politique on] “Y a-t-il une crise économique générale en France?” Journal des Économistes, 4th series, 7th year, 25, 2 (February): 286290.Google Scholar
Juglar, C. 1889. Des Crises Commerciales et de leur retour périodique en France, en Angleterre et aux Etats-Unis. Second edition. Paris: Alcan. Reprinted New York: Kelly, 1967.Google Scholar
Juglar, C. 1891a. “Le ralentissement actuel des affaies est-il le débout d’une liquidation ou un simple arrêt dans la période prospère?Bulletin de la Société d’Économie Politique 2 (séance du 6 Juillet): 108119.Google Scholar
Juglar, C. 1891b. “Crises commerciales.” In Say, L. and Chailley, J., Nouveau Dictionnaire d’Économie Politique. Second edition, 1900. Paris: Guillaumin, pp. 641651. English trans. C. Dangel-Hagnauer, in Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, vol. 28A, 2010: 149–167.Google Scholar
Kelley, W. 1838. The address delivered at the laying of the corner-stone of the Branch Bank of the United States at Erie, May 9, 1838. Erie: Printed by Sterrett and Shaner.Google Scholar
Kenworthy, W. 1842. Inventions and hours of labour. A letter to master cotton spinners, Manufacturers, and Mill-Owners in general. Blackburn: J. Walkden.Google Scholar
Kindlebergen, C. P. 1989. Manias, Panics, and Crashes. A History of Financial Crises. New York: Basic Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinzelbach, A. 2006. “Infection, Contagion, and Public Health in Late Medieval and Early Modern German Imperial Towns.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 61, 3 (July): 369389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klamer, A., and Leonard, T. C. 1994. “So What’s an Economic Metaphor?” In Natural Images in Economic Thought. ‘Markets Read in Tooth & Claw.’ Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 2051.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koertge, N. 1977. “Galileo and the Problem of Accidents.” Journal of the History of Ideas 38. 3 (July–September): 389408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lagasquie, A. 1849. “Causes.” In Beaude, J.-P., ed., Dictionnaire de Médecine Usuelle. Paris: Didier, p. 313.Google Scholar
Laidler, D. 1987. “The Bullionist Controversy.” In Eatwell, J., Milgate, M., and Newman, P., eds., The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Laing, S. 1844. National Distress: Its Causes and Remedies. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.Google Scholar
Lawson, J. A. 1848. On commercial panics: a paper read before the Dublin Statistical Society. Dublin: Dublin Statistical Society.Google Scholar
Le Gall, P. 2006. “L’ astronomie sociale de Jean-Edmond Briaune.” In Simonin, J.-P., ed., Jean Edmond Briaune (1798–1885). Cultivateur, agronome, économiste. Angers: Presses Universitaires d’Angers, pp. 261282.Google Scholar
Leatherdale, W. H. 1974. The Role of Analogy, Model and Metaphor in Science. Amsterdam: North Holland; New York: American Elsevier.Google Scholar
Ledru-Rollin, A. A. 1850. The decline of England. Second edition. London: Churton.Google Scholar
Leeves, E. 1831. Biographical memoir of the Right Honourable William Huskisson: derived from authentic sources. London: Printed by J.L. Cox.Google Scholar
Leigh, C. 1828. “On free trade, pensions and salaries, and currency.” In Tracts written in the years 1823 & 1828. Warwick: J. Merridew, printer, 1832.Google Scholar
Lesch, J. E. 1984. Science and Medicine in France. The Emergence of Experimental Physiology, 1790–1855. Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longfield, S. M. 1840. “Banking and Currency.” Dublin University Magazine 15: 115, 218–233; 16: 371–389, 611–620.Google Scholar
Louçã, F. 2001. “Intriguing Pendula: Founding Metaphors in the Analysis of Economic Fluctuations.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 25, 1 (January): 2555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loyd, S. J. (after 1850 Lord Overstone). 1837. Reflections suggested by a perusal of Mr. John Palmer’s pamphlet on the causes and consequences of the pressure on the money market. London: Richardson.Google Scholar
Loyd, S. J. 1840. Remarks on the management of the circulation and on the condition and conduct of the Bank of England and of the country issuers, during the year 1839. London: P. Richardson.Google Scholar
Joplin, T. 1838. Articles on banking and currency from ‘The Economist’ newspaper. London: Ridgway and Son.Google Scholar
Macaulay, A. 1831. A Dictionary of Medicine: Designed for Popular Use. Containing an Account of Diseases and Their Treatment, Including Those Most Frequent in Warm Climates… Second edition. Edinburgh: A. Black.Google Scholar
McCloskey, D. M. 1985. The Rhetoric of Economics. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
McCloskey, D. M. 1995. “Metaphors Economists Live By.” Social Research 62(Summer): 215237.Google Scholar
McCulloch, J. R. 1826a. “Remarks upon the wine and brandy trade.” Edinburgh Review XLV, 89:169173.Google Scholar
McCulloch, J. R. 1826b. “Thoughts on banking. Fluctuations in the supply and value of money, Banking system of England.” Edinburgh Review LXXXVI (February): 4386.Google Scholar
[McCulloch, J. R.]. 1826c. “Commercial revulsions.” Edinburgh Review LXXXVII, (June): 7093.Google Scholar
McCulloch, J. R. 1833. “Present state of manufactures trade & shipping.” [Review of Minutes of Evidence taken before the Select Committee appointed to Enquire into the Present State of Manufactures, Commerce, and Shipping. Printed by order of the House of Commons, 1833.]. Edinburgh Review VIII, 117(October): 4064.Google Scholar
McCulloch, J. R. 1837. “State of the currency—The Bank of England and the Country Banks.” [Review of: A Letter to the Right Honourable Viscount Melbourne, on the Causes of the Recent Derangement in the Money Market. By Robert Torrens; etc.]. Edinburgh Review XV, 131: 6187.Google Scholar
Macpherson, D. 1805. Annals of commerce, manufactures, fisheries, and navigation, with brief notices of the arts and sciences connected with them. London: Printed for Nichols and Son.Google Scholar
Magendie, F. 1839. Leçons sur les phénomènes physiques de la vie, professées au collége de France, ed. Funel, G.. Volume IV. Bruxelles: Société belge de librairie.Google Scholar
Martineau, H. 1837. Society in America. Paris: A. and W. Galignani and Co.Google Scholar
Marx, K., and Engels, F., 1848. Manifest der kommunistischen Partei. London: Bildungs-Gesellschaft für Arbeiter. English trans.: The Communist Manifesto: A Road Map to History’s Most Important Political Document, ed. Phil Gasper. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books, 2005.Google Scholar
Marx, K., and Engels, F. 1967. Werke. Volume 29. Berlin: Dietz.Google Scholar
Ménard, C. 1981. “La machine et le cœur. Essai sur les analogies dans le raisonnement économique.” In Lichnerowicz, A., Perroux, F., and Gadoffre, G., eds., Analogie et connaissance, tome 2: De la poésie à la science. Paris: Maloine, pp. 137161. English trans.: “The Machine and the Heart.” Social Concept 5, 1 (1988): 81–95.Google Scholar
Milford, John. 1826. Observations on the proceedings of country bankers during the last thirty years, and on their communications with government: together with a remedy proposed against the alarming consequences arising from the circulation of promissory notes: in a letter addressed to the Chancellor of the Exchequer. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.Google Scholar
Miller, G. A. 1993. “Images and Models, Similes and Metaphors.” In Ortony, A., ed., Metaphor and Thought. Second edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 357400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, J. 1868. “On credit cycles and the origin of commercial panics.” Transactions of the Manchester Statistical Society, Session 1867–68, pp. 540.Google Scholar
[Milne, D.]. 1832. On circulating credit: with hints for improving the banking system of Britain and preliminary observations on some of the modern doctrines of political economy. By a Scottish banker. Edinburgh: Printed for W. Tait.Google Scholar
Misselden, E. 1623. The circle of commerce. Or the ballance of trade, in defence of free trade: opposed to Malynes Little fish and his Great whale, and poized against them in the scale. Wherein also, exchanges in generall are considered: and therein the whole trade of this kingdome with forraine countries, is digested into a ballance of trade, for the benefite of the publique. Necessary for the present and future times. London: Printed by Iohn Dawson, for Nicholas Bourne.Google Scholar
Mitchell, W. C. 1913. Business Cycles. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Mun, T. 1669. England’s treasure by forraign trade. Or, The ballance of our forraign trade is the rule of our treasure. and now published for the common good by his son John Mun of Bearsted in the county of Kent, esquire. London: Printed by J. Flesher for R. Horne.Google Scholar
Mushet, R. 1826. An attempt to explain from facts the effect of the issues of the Bank of England upon its own interests, public credit, and country banks. London: Published by Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy.Google Scholar
Neumann-Spallart, F. X. 1887. “Mesure des variations de l’état économique et social des peuples.” Bulletin de l’Institut International de Statistique II, 1: 150159.Google Scholar
Newman, S. P. 1835. Elements of political economy. Andover: Gould and Newman.Google Scholar
Norman, G. W. 1838. Remarks upon some prevalent errors with respect to currency and banking and suggestions to the legislature and the public as the improvement of the monetary system. London: Richardson.Google Scholar
Nutton, V. 1990. “The Reception of Fracastoro’s Theory of Contagion: The Seed that Fell among Thorns?Osiris, 2nd Series, Vol. 6, Renaissance Medical Learning: Evolution of a Tradition, pp. 196234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nutton, V. 2008. Review of Imagining Contagion in Early Modern Europe, ed. Carlin, Claire L. (Reviews in History (online), review no. 564). URL: http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/564, Date accessed: 29 November 2010.Google Scholar
OED (Oxford English Dictionary). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Online edition www.oed.com, accessed at various dates in 2008 and 2009.Google Scholar
[Page, R.]. 1842. Banks and bankers. By Hardcastle, Daniel. London: Whittaker.Google Scholar
Parr, B. 1819. The London medical dictionary: including, under distinct heads, every branch of medicine, viz. anatomy, physiology, and pathology, the practice of physic and surgery, therapeutics, and materia medica; with whatever relates to medicine in natural philosophy, chemistry, and natural history. Philadelphia: Published by Mitchell, Ames, and White.Google Scholar
Pecchio, G. 1827. L’anno mille ottocento ventisei dell’Inghilterra. Lugano: G. Vanelli e comp.Google Scholar
Pepper, S. C. 1941. World Hypotheses. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Phillips, M. 1912. “The South Sea bubble” (including a “Vote of thanks” by R. Martin-Holland). Journal of the Institute of Bankers 33, 3 (March): 131161.Google Scholar
Phillips, W. 1828. Manual of political economy, with particular refrence to the institutions, resources and conditions of the United States. Boston: Billiard, Gray, Little, and Wilkin.Google Scholar
Picherit, J.-L. G. 1994. La métaphore pathologique et thérapeutique à la fin du Moyen Age. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Playfair, W. 1805. An inquiry into the permanent causes of the decline and fall of powerful and wealthy nations, illustrated by four engraved charts. Designed to shew how the prosperity of the British empire may be prolonged. London: Greenland and Norris.Google Scholar
Pollexfen, H. 1697. A discourse of trade, coyn, and paper credit: and of ways and means to gain, and retain riches. To which is added The argument of a learned counsel, upon an action of the case brought by the East-India-Company against Mr. Sands an interloper. London: Printed for B. Aylmer.Google Scholar
Price, B. 1871. “Commercial crises.” North British Review LIII: 450478.Google Scholar
Price, B. 1874. “Financial problems. Address of Prof. Bonamy Price. Meeting of the Chamber of Commerce—The Oxford Professor on financial crises and systems of banking—The definition of a Bank.” New York Times, 2 October, p. 1.Google Scholar
[Pym, J.]. 1839. A remedy for the evils of banking. London: Smith, Elder & Co.Google Scholar
Quin, M. J. 1833. The trade of banking in England, embracing the substance of the evidence taken before the Secret Committee of the House of Commons… : together with a summary of the law applicable to the Bank of England, to private banks of issue and joint-stock banking companies: to which are added an appendix and an index. London: Butterworth.Google Scholar
[Raguet, C.]. 1829. “On the principles of banking.” Free Trade Advocate II, 1(4 July): 18.Google Scholar
[Renny, J.]. 1840. A letter to the Right Honourable Lord Viscount Melbourne upon the state of banking in England during the last fifty years, particularly with reference to the position and proceedings of the Bank of England and their effects of the trade, manufactures, and agriculture of the country, and on the condition of the working classes. By a merchant. London: Smith, Elder, and Co.Google Scholar
Ricoeur, P. 1975. La métaphore vive. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
Rogers, H. 1848. “Revolution and reform.” Edinburgh Review, October 1848. Cited from the reprint in Roger’s Essays selected from contributions to the Edinburgh Review. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1850.Google Scholar
Roscher, W. 1849. “Die Produktionkrisen mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die letzten Jahrzehnte.” In Die Gegenwart. Eine Encyclopädische Darstellung der neuesten Zeitgeschichte für alle Stände. Volume 3. Leipzig: Brockhaus, pp. 721758.Google Scholar
Rosser, A. 1823. Credit pernicious. London: J. Hatchard and Son.Google Scholar
Ruffin, E. 1841. Desultory observations on the abuses of the banking system: addressed to the consideration of the agricultural classes. Petersburg: E. & J.C. Ruffin.Google Scholar
Salomons, D. 1840. Reflections on the recent pressure on the money-market, and the means suggested to prevent future monetary difficulties. London: P. Richardson.Google Scholar
Say, J.-B. 1814. Traité d’économie politique; ou, Simple exposition de la manière dont se forment, se distribuent et se consomment les richesses. Second edition, entièrement refondue et augmentée d’un épitome des principes fondamentaux de l’économie politique. Paris: Chez A.-A. Renouard.Google Scholar
Schlanger, J. 1971. Les métaphores de l’organisme. Paris: Vrin. Cited from the 1995 edition. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Schlanger, J. 1983. L’invention intellectuelle. Paris: Fayard.Google Scholar
Scrope, G. P. 1830. On credit-currency, and its superiority to coin, in support of a petition for the establishment of a cheap, safe and sufficient circulating medium. London: J. Murray.Google Scholar
[Sedgwick, T.]. 1835. What is a monopoly? Or, Some considerations upon the subject of corporations and currency, by a citizen of New-York. New York: Printed by G.P. Scott & Co.Google Scholar
Siegfried, J. 1886. Les crises commerciales et la reprise des affaires: possibilité de les prévoir par la corrélation entre l’encaisse et le portefeuille de la Banque de France. Paris: [s.n.].Google Scholar
Sismondi, J. C.L. Simonde de. 1826. “Nouveaux Principes d’économie politique, jour qu’ils peuvent jeter sur la crise qu’éprouve aujourd’hui l’Angleterre.” Revue Encyclopédique, XXXI, Septembre. English trans.: “Preface to the New principles of political economy, and the light which they may cast on the crisis which England is at this time experiencing,” in J.C.L. Sismondi, Political economy and the philosophy of government. London: J. Chapman, 1847.Google Scholar
Smith, A. 1776. An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations, London: Strahan and Cadell. In R.H. Campbell, A.S. Skinner, and W.B. Todd, The Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith. Volume 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Société d’Économie Politique. 1857. “Origine et causes de la crise actuelle. Réunion du 5 décembre 1857.” Journal des Économistes, 2ème Série, vol. 16(December): 465473.Google Scholar
Spiethoff, A. 1925. “Krisen.” In Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften. Fourth edition. Jena, 891. Partial English trans.: “Business Cycles.” International Economic Papers 3 (1953): 78–171.Google Scholar
Stengers, I. 1987. “La propagation des concepts.” In Stengers, I., ed., D’une science à l’autre. Des concepts nomads. Paris: Seuil, pp. 926.Google Scholar
Stirling, Patrick James. 1846. The philosophy of trade, or, Outlines of a theory of profits and prices, including an examination of the principles which determine the relative value of corn, labour and currency. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd; London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co.Google Scholar
Tatham, E. 1816. Observations on the scarcity of money; and its effects on the public. Oxford: Printed and sold by N. Bliss.Google Scholar
Temkin, O. 1946. “Materialism in French and German Physiology of the Early Nineteenth Century.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 20: 322327.Google ScholarPubMed
Thoben, H. 1982. “Mechanistic and Organicistic Analogies in Economics Reconsidered.” Kyklos 35, 2: 292306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiles, M. 1993. “The Normal and Pathological: The Concept of a Scientific Medicine.” The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 44, 4 (December): 729742.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tocqueville, A. de. 1840. De la démocratie en Amérique. Second edition. Volume 3. Paris: Librairie de C. Gosselin.Google Scholar
Tooke, T. 1838. A history of prices and of the state of the circulation from 1793 to 1837: preceded by a brief sketch of the state of the corn trade in the last two centuries. Two volumes. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman.Google Scholar
Torrens, R. 1826. An essay on the external corn trade. Third edition. London: Printed for Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.Google Scholar
Turner, J. B. 1844. “Banking.” New Englander 2, 5 (January): 4858.Google Scholar
Voltaggio, F. 1999. “L’evoluzione della causazione in medicina.” In Agazzi, E. and Viesca, C., Le cause della malattia. Un’analisi storica e concettuale. Genova: Erga, pp. 2945.Google Scholar
[Wade, J.]. 1826. Digest of facts and principles on banking and commerce: with a plan for preventing future re-actions. London: Thomas Ward.Google Scholar
Wade, J. 1833. History of the middle and working classes; with a popular exposition of the economical and political principles which have influenced the past and present condition of the industrious orders. Also an Appendix of prices, rates of wages, population, poor-rates, mortality, marriages, crimes, schools, education, occupations, and other statistical information, illustrative of the former and present state of society and of the agricultural, commercial, and manufactoring classes. Second edition, 1834. London: Effingham Wilson. Reprinted, New York: Kelly, 1966.Google Scholar
Wade, J. 1836. Principles of banking and commerce, as elucidated by the great crisis of 1825-6, and applicable to the existing state of commercial activity and joint-stock speculations. London: E. Wilson.Google Scholar
Waller, J. 2002. The Discovery of the Germ. Duxford: Icon Books.Google Scholar
Watson, J. 1815. “Remarks on the late Leipzig fair.” The Tradesman; or, Commercial Magazine XIV, 25 (January): 47.Google Scholar
Wells, S. 1832. Continuance of the Bank charter: a legal statement of the real position of the government with relation to the Bank of England. Second edition. London: E. Wilson.Google Scholar
Whiting, W. 1838. The Age of paper: or, The bank contest: a poem in two cantos: with explanatory notes. Boston: J.N. Bang.Google Scholar
Whitmore, W. W. 1839. A letter on the corn laws to the Manchester Chamber of Commerce. London: Ridgway.Google Scholar
Whitmore, W. W. [1841]. A second letter to the agriculturists of the County of Salop, August 5, 1841. London: Houlston and Stoneman.Google Scholar
Whytock, R. 1842. An inquiry into the cause of the present depression of trade: and a remedy proposed in a measure calculated at the same time to obviate the necessity of an income tax. Edinburgh: Maclachlan, Stewart.Google Scholar
Williams, E. A. 1994. The Physical and the Moral: Anthropology, Physiology, and Philosophical Medicine in France, 1750–1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
[Williams, W.]. 1840. A Plan for regulating the circulation on the principle of Sir Robert Peel’s celebrated Currency Bill of 1819. By a man of business. London: P. Richardson.Google Scholar
Wilson, J. 1847. Capital, currency and banking; being a collection of a series of articles published in the ‘Economist’ in 1845, on the principles of the Bank Act of 1844, and in 1847, on the recent monetary and commercial crisis; concluding with a plan for a secure and economical currency. London: The Economist.Google Scholar
Wolowski, L. 1866. “La crise financière de l’Angleterre.” Revue des Deux Mondes XXIV (15 August): 927956.Google Scholar
Woodbury, L. 1843. A lecture on the general principles of free trade: delivered before the New York Free Trade Association, March 1843. New York: Press of Hunt’s Merchants’ Magazine.Google Scholar
Wright, I. C. 1841. Thought on the currency. London: P. Richardson.Google Scholar
Wright, W. 1782. The complete tradesman, or, A guide in the several parts and progressions of trade particularly, diligence, over-trading, diversions, expensive living, suretiship, early marrying, compositions, partnership, trading frauds, fine shops, credit, punctuality, borrowing money, discounting, book-keeping, misfortunes, monopolies, engrossing, under-selling, litigiousness, projects, &c. : to which is added, an account of the British manufactures, products, exports, imports, &c. &c.: calculated for all inland tradesmen in town or country. London: Dixwell.Google Scholar
Yates, J. A. 1841. A letter on the present depression of trade and manufactures: addressed to the landowners and farmers of the County of Carlow. Liverpool: G. and J. Robinson.Google Scholar
Younger, S. 1845. Strictures on the policy of the Bank of England: with some remarks on the foreign exchanges and the corn laws: the whole suggested by the power of railway and marine steam: respectfully addressed to the First Lord of the Treasury. London: P. Richardson.Google Scholar