Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-wq2xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T16:46:27.969Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Palatal click allophony in Mangetti Dune !Xung: Implications for sound change

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 August 2017

Amanda L. Miller
Amanda L. Miller*
Affiliation:
The Ohio State Universitymiller.5592@osu.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Click consonants are well known for lacking allophonic variation. This lack of variation has been attributed to the existence of articulatory constraints on the coronal constrictions that are imposed by the existence of a second dorsal constriction. The current study investigates temporal acoustic differences among the four contrastive coronal click types in the /i/ and /u/ contexts in Mangetti Dune !Xung. Clicks have been described as being either non-affricated or affricated. However, when vowel context is taken into consideration, the typology is more complex. The alveolar click is non-affricated in both vowel contexts. The dental and lateral clicks are fricated in both contexts. The palatal click in the /i/ context has two clear anterior and posterior transients, followed by palatal frication, while in the /u/ context it is non-affricated. Results are consistent with an analysis of the palatal click in the /i/ context as involving allophonic secondary palatalization. There are trading relations between the duration of the click burst, frication noise and aspiration noise phases. Results have implications for understanding the synchronic and diachronic phonology of click consonants.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the International Phonetic Association , Volume 49 , Issue 2 , August 2019 , pp. 153 - 181
Copyright
Copyright © International Phonetic Association 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Augumes, Christine, Miller, Amanda L., Namaseb, Levi & Prata, David. 2011–2013. Mangetti Dune !Xung Stories: In !Xung and English. The Ohio State University, The University of Namibia & the Mangetti Dune Traditional Authority. Deposited at ELAR. Available online at https://elar.soas.ac.uk/Collection/MPI178567 (accessed in December 2016).Google Scholar
Bates, Douglas, Maechler, Martin, Bolke, Ben & Walker, Steven. 2014. lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4. R package version 1.1-7. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4 (accessed 1 June 2016).Google Scholar
Batibo, Herman M. 2006. Marginalisation and empowerment through educational medium: The case of the linguistically disadvantaged groups of Botswana and Tanzania. In Pütz, Martin, Fishman, Joshua A. & Neff-van Aertselaer, Joanne (eds.), ‘Along the routes to power’: Explorations of empowerment through language, 261–283. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Beach, Douglas M. 1938. The phonetics of the Hottentot language. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons.Google Scholar
Boersma, Paul & Weenink, David. 2015. Praat: Doing phonetics by computer (version 5.0.48). http://www.praat.org (accessed 31 March 2015).Google Scholar
Castleman, Wendy. 1997. Integrated perceptual properties of the [+/–continuant] distinction in fricatives and affricates. MA dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Cho, Taehong & Ladefoged, Peter. 1999. Variation and universals in VOT: Evidence from 18 languages. Journal of Phonetics 27, 207–229.Google Scholar
Diehl, Randy, Molis, Michelle & Castleman, Wendy. 2001. Adaptive design of sound systems: Some auditory considerations. In Johnson, Keith & Hume, Elizabeth (eds.), The role of perceptual phenomena in phonological theory, 123–139, San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Fehn, Anne-Maria. Forthcoming. Click replacement and loss: An overview with new data from Kalahari Khoe and Ju. In Sands, Bonny (ed.), The handbook of clicks. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Forrest, Karen, Weismer, Gary, Milenkovic, Paul & Dougall, Ronald N.. 1988. Statistical analysis of word-initial voiceless obstruents: Preliminary data. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 84 (1), 115–123.Google Scholar
Fulop, Sean, Ladefoged, Peter, Liu, Fang & Vossen, Rainer. 2003. Yeyi clicks: Acoustic description and analysis. Phonetica 60, 231–260.Google Scholar
Gordon, Matthew, Barthmeier, Paul & Sands, Kathy. 2002. A cross-linguistic acoustic study of voiceless fricatives. Journal of the International Phonetic Aassociation 32, 141–174.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Joseph. 1966. The languages of Africa (Research Center for the Language Sciences 25, ed. By Voegelin, C. F.). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University.Google Scholar
Güldemann, Tom. 2001. Phonological regularities of consonant systems across Khoisan lineages (University of Leipzig Papers on Africa, Languages and Literatures Series No. 16). Leipzig: University of Leipzig.Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd & Honken, Henry. 2010. The Kx’a family: A new Khoisan genealogy. Journal of Asian and African Studies (Ajia Afuriku gengo bunka kenkyu) 79, 5–36. [Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), Tokyo University of Foreign Studies]Google Scholar
Howell, Peter & Rosen, Stuart. 1983. Production and perception of rise time in the voiceless affricate/fricative distinction. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 73 (3), 976–984.Google Scholar
IPA. 2006. The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2005) [chart]. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (1), 135.Google Scholar
Johnson, Keith. 1993. Acoustic and auditory analyses of Xhosa clicks and pulmonics. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 83, 33–45.Google Scholar
Kagaya, Ryohei. 1978. Soundspectrographic analysis of Naron clicks: A preliminary report. Annual Bulletin of the Research Institute of Logopedics and Phoniatrics 12 (July), 113–125. [Tokyo: University of Tokyo]Google Scholar
Kochetov, Alexei. 2011. Palatalization. In van Oostendorp et al. (eds.), 694–710.Google Scholar
König, Christa & Heine, Bernd. 2015. The !Xun language: A dialect grammar of Northern Khoisan (Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung 33). Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Kuznetsova, Alexandra, Brockhoff, Per Bruun & Christensen, Rune H. B.. 2016. LMER Test Library. https://cran.r-project.org/package=lmerTest (accessed 1June 2016).Google Scholar
Ladefoged, Peter & Traill, Anthony. 1994. Clicks and their accompaniments. Journal of Phonetics 22, 33–64.Google Scholar
Lanham, Leonard & Hallowes, Desmond. 1956a. The structure of Eastern Bushman. African Studies 15, 97–118.Google Scholar
Lanham, Leonard & Hallowes, Desmond. 1956b. Linguistic relationships and contacts expressed in the vocabulary of Eastern Bushman. African Studies 15, 45–48.Google Scholar
Miller, Amanda L. 2007. Guttural vowels and guttural coarticulation. Journal of Phonetics 35, 56–84.Google Scholar
Miller, Amanda L. 2010. Tongue body and tongue root shape differences in N|uu clicks correlate with phonotactic patterns. In Fuchs, Suzanne, Toda, Martine & Żygis, Marzena (eds.), Turbulent sounds: An interdisciplinary guide (Interfaces in Linguistics Series), 245–280. Germany: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Miller, Amanda L. 2016. Posterior lingual gestures and tongue shape in Mangetti Dune !Xung clicks. Journal of Phonetics 55, 119–148.Google Scholar
Miller, Amanda L., Brugman, Johanna & Sands, Bonny. 2007. Acoustic and auditory analyses of N|uu lingual and pulmonic stop bursts. In Trouvain, Jürgen & Barry, William (eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVI), 769–772. Dudweiler: Pirrot GmbH. [Available online at http://www.icphs2007.de/]Google Scholar
Miller, Amanda L., Brugman, Johanna, Sands, Bonny, Namaseb, Levi, Exter, Mats & Collins, Chris. 2007. The sounds of N|uu: Place and airstream contrasts. Working Papers of the Cornell Phonetics Laboratory 16, 101–160.Google Scholar
Miller, Amanda L., Brugman, Johanna, Sands, Bonny, Namaseb, Levi, Exter, Mats & Collins, Chris. 2009. Differences in airstream and posterior place of articulation among N|uu clicks. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39 (2), 129–161.Google Scholar
Miller, Amanda L. & Elsner, Micha. 2017. Click reduction in fluent speech: A semi-automated analysis of Mangetti Dune !Xung. Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages, March 2017, Honolulu, 107–115. Association for Computational Linguistics. Available online at http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-0115 (accessed 2 July 2017).Google Scholar
Miller, Amanda & Finch, Kenneth. 2011. Corrected high-speed anchored ultrasound with software alignment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 54 (2), 471–486.Google Scholar
Miller, Amanda & Holliday, Jeffrey J.. 2014. Contrastive apical post-alveolar and laminal alveolar click types in Ekoka !Xung. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 135 (4), 2351–2352.Google Scholar
Miller, Amanda, Namaseb, Levi & Iskarous, Khalil. 2007. Posterior tongue body constriction locations in clicks. In Cole, Jennifer & Hualde, Jose (eds.), Laboratory Phonology 9, 643–656. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Miller, Amanda & Shah, Sheena. 2009. The Acoustics of Mangetti Dune !Xung clicks. Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association (Interspeech 2009), 2283–2286. Brighton: Causal Productions.Google Scholar
Miller-Ockhuizen, Amanda. 2003. The phonetics and phonology of gutturals: A case study from Ju|’hoansi (Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics Series). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Nakagawa, Hiroshi. 1998. Unnatural palatallization in |Gui and ||Gana. In Schladt, Matthias (ed.), Language, identity and conceptualization among the Khoisan (Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung 15), 245–263. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Nakagawa, Hiroshi. 2006. Aspects of the phonetic and phonological structure of the G|ui language. Ph.D. dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.Google Scholar
Nirgianaki, Elina. 2014. Acoustic characteristics of Greek fricatives. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 135 (5), 2964–2976.Google Scholar
R Core Team. 2014. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http://www.R-project.org/ (accessed 1 June 2015).Google Scholar
Sagey, Elizabeth. 1986. The representation of features and relations in non-linear phonology. Ph.D. dissertation, MIT.Google Scholar
Sands, Bonny. 1991. Evidence for click features: Acoustic characteristics of Xhosa clicks. UCLA Working Papers in Linguistics 80, 6–37.Google Scholar
Sands, Bonny. 2010. Juu subgroups based on phonological patterns. In Brenzinger, Matthias & König, Christa (eds.), Khoisan languages and linguistics: Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium, January 4–8, 2003, Riezlern/Kleinwalsertal (Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung 24), 85–114. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Satterthwaite, F. E. 1946. An approximate distribution of estimates of variance components. Biometrics Bulletin 2 (6), 110–114.Google Scholar
Shadle, Christine. 1991. The effect of geometry on source mechanisms of fricative consonants. Journal of Phonetics 19, 409–424.Google Scholar
Snyman, Jan W. 1997. A preliminary classification of the !Xũũ and Zhu|’hõasi dialects. In Haacke, Wilfrid & Elderkin, Edward (eds.), Namibian languages: Reports and papers, special issue of Namibian African Studies 4, 21–106. [Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag for the University of Namibia]Google Scholar
Stevens, Kenneth. 1999. Acoustic phonetics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, Kimberly. 1997. EPG and aerodynamic evidence for the coproduction and coarticulation of clicks in IsiZulu. Proceedings of Eurospeech 97: Fifth European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, Rhodes, Greece, 22–25.Google Scholar
Thomas-Vilakati, Kimberly. 2010. Coproduction and coarticulation in IsiZulu clicks. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Traill, Anthony. 1985. Phonetic and phonological studies of !Xóõ Bushman (Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung 1). Hamburg: Helmut Buske.Google Scholar
Traill, Anthony & Vossen, Rainer. 1997. Sound change in the Khoisan languages: New data on click loss and click replacement. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 18, 21–56.Google Scholar
van de Weijer, Jeroen. 2011. Secondary and double articulation. In van Oostendorp et al. (eds.), 694–710.Google Scholar
van Oostendorp, Marc, Ewen, Colin J., Hume, Elizabeth V. & Rice, Keren D. (eds.). 2011. The Blackwell companion to phonology, vol. 3. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wright, Richard, Maddieson, Ian, Ladefoged, Peter & Sands, Bonny. 1995. A phonetic study of Sandawe clicks. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 91, 1–24.Google Scholar