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    Mitrofanova, Yelena 2012. Raising EFL students’ awareness of English intonation functioning. Language Awareness, Vol. 21, Issue. 3, p. 279.
    Gibbon, Dafydd 1988. Text and Discourse Constitution. Vol. 4, Issue. , p. 3.
    GIBBON, DAFYDD 1984. Intonation, Accent and Rhythm.
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Relative and absolute in intonation analysis

  • David Crystal (a1)
Extract

Most intonation analysts would consider it a truism to insist that any model of the formal properties of a language's intonation system has to be relativistic in character. By this one would mean that the linguistic constants in the system are the contrasts between the features involved (pitch, loudness, or whatever) and not the values of the features themselves, as defined in any absolute, physical way. The point hardly needs quotation to support it, but it will be useful to refer to one person's formulation of the relativity claim as a reminder of how the position is typically presented. Abercrombie, for example, says (1967: 107):

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COPYRIGHT: © Journal of the International Phonetic Association 1971
References
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Abercrombie, D. (1967). Elements of general phonetics. Edinburgh: Univ. Press.
Bolinger, D. L. (1951). “Intonation—levels v. configurations,” Word, 7, 199–210.
Black, J. W. (1950). “The effect of room characteristics upon vocal intensity and rate,” JASA, 22, 174–6.
Bronstein, A. J., and Jacoby, B. F. (1967). Your speech and voice. New York: Random House.
Crystal, D. (1969). Prosodic systems and intonation in English. London: CUP.
Crystal, D. (1971). “Prosodic and paralinguistic correlates of social categories” in Ardener, E. (ed.), Social anthropology and language, ASA Monograph Series, 10 (London: Tavistock Press, 185–206).
Crystal, D. (forthcoming). “Paralanguage,” to appear in Current Trends in Linguistics XII: Linguistics and Adjacent Arts and Sciences.
Crystal, D. and Davy, D. (1969). Investigating English style. London: Longmans.
Kramer, E. (1963). “Judgment of personal characteristics and emotions from nonverbal properties of speech,” Psychol. Bull., 60, 408–420.
Lieberman, P. (1965). “On the acoustic basis of the perception of intonation by linguists,” Word, 21, 40–54.
Lieberman, P. (1967). Intonation, perception and language. Cambridge: MIT.
Luchsinger, R., and Arnold, G. E. (1965). Voice—speech—language. London: Constable.
Miller, R. L. (1970). “Performance characteristics of an experimental Harmonic Identification Pitch Extraction (HIPEX) system,” JASA, 47, 1593–1601.
Murphy, A. (1964). Functional voice disorders. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Pike, K. L. (1945). The intonation of American English. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
Pike, K. L. (1948). Tone languages. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
Pronovost, W. (1942). “An experimental study of methods for determining natural and habitual pitch,” Sp. Monog., 9, 111–123.
Shepard, R. N. (1964). “Circularity in judgments of relative pitch,” JASA, 36, 2346–2353.
Stevens, S. S., and Davis, H. (1938). Hearing, its psychology and physiology. London: Chapman and Hall.
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Journal of the International Phonetic Association
  • ISSN: 0025-1003
  • EISSN: 1475-3502
  • URL: /core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association
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