Altmann, J. (1974) Observational study of behaviour: sampling methods. Behaviour 49, 227–267.
Arcangeli, A. and Crosti, R. (2009) The short-term impact of dolphin-watching on the behaviour of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in western Australia. Journal of Marine Animals and their Ecology 2, 3–9.
Bejder, L., Dawson, S.M. and Harraway, J.A. (1999) Responses by Hector's dolphins to boats and swimmers in porpoise Bay, New Zealand. Marine Mammal Science 15, 738–750.
Bejder, L., Samuels, A., Whitehead, H. and Gales, N. (2006a) Interpreting short-term behavioural responses to disturbance within a longitudinal perspective. Animal Behaviour 72, 1149–1158.
Bejder, L., Samuels, A., Whitehead, H., Gales, N., Mann, J., Connor, R., Heithaus, M., Watson-Capps, J., Flaherty, C. and Krützen, M. (2006b) Decline in relative abundance of bottlenose dolphins exposed to long-term disturbance. Conservation Biology 20, 1791–1799.
Benoit-Bird, K.J. and Au, W.W.L. (2003) Prey dynamics affect foraging by a pelagic predator (Stenella longirostris) over a range of spatial and temporal scales. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 53, 364–373.
Benoit-Bird, K. and Au, W.W.L. (2009) Cooperative prey herding by the pelagic dolphin Stenella longirostris. Journal of Acoustical Society of America 125, 125–137.
Bentz, J., Rodrigues, A., Dearden, P., Calado, H. and Lopes, F. (2015) Crowding in marine environments: divers and whale watchers in the Azores. Ocean and Coastal Management 109, 77–85.
Blumstein, D.T. and Fernández-Juricic, E. (2010) A primer of conservation behavior. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Cammareri, A. and Vermeulen, E. (2010) Behavioural response of southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) to anthropogenic approaches in Bahia San Antonio, Rio Negro Argentina. Report for the International Whaling Commission, Document SC/62/www1, 7 pp.
Christiansen, F., Bertulli, C.G., Rasmussen, M. and Lusseau, D. (2015) Estimating cumulative exposure of wildlife to non-lethal disturbance using spatially explicit capture-recapture models. Journal of Wildlife Management 79, 311–324.
Christiansen, F. and Lusseau, D. (2014) Understanding the ecological effects of whale-watching on cetaceans. In Higham, J., Bejder, L. and Williams, R. (eds) Whale-watching: sustainable tourism and ecological management. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 177–192.
Christiansen, F., Lusseau, D., Stensland, E. and Berggren, P. (2010) Effects of tourist boats on the behaviour of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins off the south coast of Zanzibar. Endangered Species Research 11, 91–99.
Christiansen, F., Rasmussen, M. and Lusseau, D. (2011) Whalewatching boats disrupt the foraging activities of minke whales in Faxafloi Bay. Report for International Whaling Commission, Document SC/63/WW2, 13 pp.
Christiansen, F., Rasmussen, M. and Lusseau, D. (2013) Whalewatching boats disrupt feeding activities of minke whales on a feeding ground. Marine Ecology Progress Series 478, 239–251.
Cisneros-Montemayor, A.M., Sumaila, U.R. and Kaschner, K.P.D. (2010) The global potential for whale watching. Marine Policy 34, 1273–1278.
Clua, E. and Grosvalet, F. (2001) Mixed-species feeding aggregation of dolphins, large tunas and seabirds in the Azores. Aquatic Living Resources 14, 11–18.
Courbis, S. and Timmel, G. (2009) Effects of vessels and swimmers on behavior of Hawaiian spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) in Kealake'akua, Honaunau and Kanuhako bays, Hawai'i. Marine Mammal Science 25, 430–440.
Dans, S.L., Degrati, M., Pedraza, S.N. and Crespo, E.A. (2012) Effects of tour boats on dolphin activity examined with sensitivity analysis of Markov chains. Conservation Biology 26, 708–716.
Ferguson, M.C., Barlow, J., Fiedler, P., Reilly, S.B. and Gerrodette, T. (2006) Spatial models of delphinid (Family Delphinidae) encounter rate and group size in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Ecological Modelling 193, 645–662.
Filby, N.E., Christiansen, F., Stockin, K.A. and Scarpaci, C. (in press) Effects of swim-with-dolphin tourism on the behaviour of a threatened species: the Burrunan dolphin (Tursiops australis). Endangered Species Research.
Fleiss, J.L., Levin, B. and Paik, M.C. (2003) Statistical methods for rates and proportions. New York, NY: Wiley.
Gallo Reynoso, J.P. (1991) Group behaviour of common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) during prey capture. Anales del Instituto Biologico de la Universidade Nacional Autónoma del Mexico 62, 253–262.
Guttorp, P. (1995) Stochastic modelling of scientific data. London: Chapman & Hall.
Hartman, K., Visser, F. and Hendriks, A.J.E. (2008) Social structure of Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus) at the Azores: a stratified community based on highly associated social units. Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, 294–306.
Hartman, K.L., Fernandez, M., Wittich, A. and Azevedo, J.M.N. (2015) Sex differences in residency patterns of Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus) in the Azores: causes and management implications. Marine Mammal Science 31, 1153–1167.
Hastie, G.D., Wilson, B., Tufft, L.H. and Thompson, P.M. (2003) Bottlenose dolphins increase breathing synchrony in response to boat traffic. Marine Mammal Science 19, 74–84.
Holmes, N., Giese, M. and Krikwoken, L.K. (2005) Testing the minimum approach distance guidelines for incubating Royal penguins Eudyptes schlegeli. Biological Conservation 126, 339–350.
Hoyt, E. (2001) Whale watching 2001: worldwide tourism numbers, expenditures and expanding socioeconomic benefits. Report from the International Fund for Animal Welfare, 165 pp.
Hupman, K. (2016) Photo-identification and its application to gregarious delphinids: common dolphins (Delphinus sp.) in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. PhD thesis, Massey University, New Zealand.
Jacob, M.H. and Harms, M. (2014) Influence of interpretation on conservation intentions of whale tourists. Tourism Management 42, 123–131.
Johnson, G. and McInnis, C. (2014) An effective education programme is no fluke. In Higham, J., Bejder, L. and Williams, R. (eds) Whale-watching: sustainable tourism and ecological management. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 128–145.
Lusseau, D. (2003) Effects of tour boats on the behaviour of bottlenose dolphins: using Markov chains to model anthropogenic impacts. Conservation Biology 17, 1785–1793.
Lusseau, D. (2006) The short-term behavioural reactions of bottlenose dolphins to interactions with boats in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand. Marine Mammal Science 22, 802–818.
Lusseau, D., Bain, D.E., Williams, R. and Smith, J.C. (2009) Vessel traffic disrupts the foraging behavior of southern resident killer whales Orcinus orca. Endangered Species Research 6, 211–221.
Lusseau, D. and Bejder, L. (2007) The long-term consequences of short-term responses to disturbance experiences from whalewatching impact assessment. International Journal of Comparative Psychology 20, 228–236.
Magalhães, S., Prieto, R., Silva, M.A., Gonçalves, J., Afonso-Dias, M. and Santos, R.S. (2002) Short-term reactions of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) to whale watching vessels in the Azores. Aquatic Mammals 28, 267–274.
Mann, J. (1999) Behavioural sampling methods for cetaceans: a review and critique. Marine Mammal Science 15, 102–122.
Markowitz, T.M., Richter, C.F. and Gordon, J. (2011) Effects of tourism on the behaviour of sperm whales inhabiting the Kaikoura Canyon. Kaikoura Sperm Whales and Tourism Research Project Report, PACE-NZRP, 123 pp.
Martinez, E. (2010) Responses of South Island Hector's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori hectori) to vessel activity (including tourism operations) in Akaroa Harbour, Banks Peninsula, New Zealand. PhD thesis, Massey University, New Zealand.
May-Collado, L.J., Barragan-Barrera, D.C., Quinones-Lebron, S.G. and Aquino-Reynoso, W. (2012) Dolphin watching boats impact on habitat use and communication of bottlenose dolphins of Bocas del Toro, Panama during 2004, 2006–2010. Report for the International Whaling Commission, Document SC/64/WW2, 8 pp.
Meissner, A., Christiansen, F., Martinez, E., Pawley, M., Orams, M. and Stockin, K.A. (2015) Behavioural effects of tourism on oceanic common dolphins, Delphinus sp., in New Zealand: the effects of Markov analysis variations and current tour operator compliance with regulations. PLoS ONE 10, e0116962. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116962.
Montero-Cordero, A. and Lobo, J. (2010) Effect of tourist vessels on the behaviour of the pantropical spotted dolphin, Stenella attenuata, in Drake Bay and Caño Island, Costa Rica. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 11, 285–291.
Morete, M.E., Bisi, T.L. and Rosso, S. (2008) Mother and calf humpback whale responses to vessels around the Abrolhos Archipelago, Bahia, Brazil. Journal of Cetacean Research Management 9, 241–248.
Neumann, D. (2001) The activity budget of free ranging common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in the northwestern Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. Aquatic Mammals 27, 121–136.
Neumann, D.R. and Orams, M. (2003) Feeding behaviours of short-beaked common dolphins, Delphinus delphis, in New Zealand. Aquatic Mammals 29, 137–149.
Neumann, D.R. and Orams, M. (2006) Impacts of ecotourism on short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in Mercury Bay, New Zealand. Aquatic Mammals 32, 1–9.
Ng, S.L. and Leung, S. (2003) Behavioral response of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) to vessel traffic. Marine Environmental Research 56, 555–567.
Noren, D.P., Johnson, A.H., Rehder, D. and Larson, A. (2009) Close approaches by vessels elicit surface active behaviors by southern resident killer whales. Endangered Species Research 8, 179–192.
Papale, E., Gamba, M., Perez-Gil, M., Martin, M.V. and Giacoma, C. (2015) Dolphins adjust species-specific frequency parameters to compensate for increasing background noise. PLoS ONE 10, e0121711, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121711.
Parsons, E.C.M. (2012) Review article: the negative impacts of whale watching. Journal of Marine Biology 2012, Article ID 807294. doi: 10.1155/2012/807294.
Pirotta, E., Milor, R., Quick, N., Moretti, D., Di Marzio, N., Tyack, P.L., Boyd, I. and Hastie, G. (2012) Vessel noise affects beaked whale behavior: results of a dedicated acoustic response study. PLoS ONE 7, e42535, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042535.
Pusineri, C., Chancollon, O., Ringelstein, J. and Ridoux, V. (2008) Feeding niche segregation among the Northeast Atlantic community of oceanic top predators. Marine Ecology Progress Series 361, 21–34.
Pusineri, C., Magnin, V., Meynier, L., Spitz, J., Hassani, S. and Ridoux, V. (2007) Food and feeding ecology of the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) in the Oceanic Northeast Atlantic and comparison with its diet in neritic areas. Marine Mammal Science 23, 30–47.
Queiroz, R.E., Guerrero, J. and Ventura, M.A. (2014) Demand of the tourists visiting protected areas in small oceanic islands: the Azores case-study (Portugal). Environment, Development and Sustainability 16, 1119–1135.
Quérouil, S., Silva, M.A., Cascão, I., Magalhães, S., Seabra, M.I., Machete, M.A. and Santos, R.S. (2008) Why do dolphins form mixed-species associations in the Azores? Ethology 114, 1183–1194.
Ringelstein, J., Pusineri, C., Hassani, S., Meynier, L., Nicolas, R. and Ridoux, V. (2006) Food and feeding ecology of the striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba, in the oceanic waters of the north-east Atlantic. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 86, 909–918.
Schülke, O., Bhagavatula, J., Vigilant, L. and Ostner, J. (2010) Social bonds enhance reproductive success in male macaques. Current Biology 20, 2207–2210.
Senigaglia, V., Christiansen, F., Bejder, L., Gendron, D., Lundquist, D., Noren, D.P., Schaffar, A., Smith, J.C., Williams, R., Martinez, E., Stockin, K.A. and Lusseau, D. (2016) Meta-analyses of whale watching impact studies: comparisons of cetaceans responses to disturbance. Marine Ecology Progress Series 542, 251–263.
Silk, J.B. (2007) The adaptive value of sociality in mammalian groups. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 362, 539–559.
Silva, L. (2015) How ecotourism works at the community-level: the case of whale-watching in the Azores. Current Issues in Tourism 18, 196–211. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2013.786027.
Silva, M.A., Prieto, R., Cascão, I., Seabra, M.I., Machete, M., Baumgartner, M. and Santos, R. (2014) Spatial and temporal distribution of cetaceans in the mid-Atlantic waters around the Azores. Marine Biology Research 10, 123–137.
Silva, M.A., Prieto, R., Jonsen, I., Baumgartner, M. and Santos, R. (2013) North Atlantic blue and fin whales suspend their spring migration to forage in middle latitudes: building up energy reserves for the journey? PLoS ONE 8, e76507, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076507.
Silva, M.A., Prieto, R., Magalhães, S., Cabecinhas, R., Cruz, A., Gonçalves, J.M. and Santos, R. (2003) Occurrence and distribution of cetaceans in the waters around the Azores (Portugal) summer and autumn 1999–2000. Aquatic Mammals 29, 77–83.
Spitz, J., Mourocq, E., Leauté, J-P., Quéro, J-C. and Ridoux, V. (2010) Prey selection by the common dolphins: fulfilling high energy requirements with high quality food. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 390, 73–77.
Stamation, K.A., Croft, D.B., Shaughnessy, P.D., Waples, K. and Briggs, S.V. (2010) Behavioral responses of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) to whale-watching vessels on the southeastern coast of Australia. Marine Mammal Science 26, 98–122.
Steckenreuter, A., Möller, L. and Harcourt, R. (2012) How does Australia's largest dolphin-watching industry affect the behaviour of a small and resident population of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins? Journal of Environmental Management 97, 14–21.
Stensland, E. and Berggren, P. (2007) Behavioural changes in female Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins in response to boat-based tourism. Marine Ecology Progress Series 332, 225–234.
Stockin, K.A., Binedell, V., Wiseman, N., Brunton, D.H. and Orams, M.B. (2009) Behavior of free-ranging common dolphins (Delphinus sp.) in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. Marine Mammal Science 25, 283–301.
Stockin, K.A., Lusseau, D., Binedell, V., Wiseman, N. and Orams, M. (2008a) Tourism affects the behavioural budget of the common dolphin (Delphinus sp.) in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. Marine Ecology Progress Series 355, 287–295.
Stockin, K.A., Pierce, G.J., Binedell, V., Wiseman, N. and Orams, M. (2008b) Factors affecting the occurrence and demographics of common dolphins (Delphinus sp.) in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. Aquatic Mammals 34, 200–211.
Timmel, G., Courbis, S., Sargeant-Green, H. and Markowitz, H. (2008) Effects of human traffic on the movement patterns of Hawaiian spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) in Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii. Aquatic Mammals 38, 402–411.
Tyne, J.A., Johnston, D.W., Christiansen, F. and Bejder, L. (2017) Temporally and spatially partitioned behaviours of spinner dolphins: implication for resilience to human disturbance. Royal Society of Open Science 4, 160626, http//dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160626. Vaughn, R., Würsig, B. and Packard, J. (2010) Dolphin prey herding: prey ball mobility relative to dolphin group and prey ball sizes, multispecies associates, and feeding duration. Marine Mammal Science 26, 213–225.
Visser, F., Hartman, K., Pierce, G.J., Valavanis, V.D. and Huisman, J. (2011a) Timing of migratory baleen whales at the Azores in relation to the North Atlantic spring bloom. Marine Ecology Progress Series 440, 267–279.
Visser, F., Hartman, K., Rood, E.J.J., Hendriks, A.J.E., Zult, D.B., Wolff, W.J., Huisman, J. and Pierce, G.J. (2011b) Risso's dolphins alter daily resting pattern in response to whale watching at the Azores. Marine Mammal Science 27, 366–381.
Westgate, A.J. and Read, A.J. (2007) Reproduction in short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) from the western North Atlantic. Marine Biology 150, 1011–1024.
Williams, R., Bain, D.E., Smith, J.C. and Lusseau, D. (2009) Effects of vessels on behaviour patterns of individual southern resident killer whales Orcinus orca. Endangered Species Research 6, 199–209.
Williams, R., Lusseau, D. and Hammond, P.S. (2006) Estimating relative energetic costs of human disturbance to killer whales (Orcinus orca). Biological Conservation 133, 301–311.
Williams, R., Trites, A.W. and Bain, D.E. (2002) Behavioural responses of killer whales (Orcinus orca) to whale-watching boats: opportunistic observations and experimental approaches. Journal of Zoology 256, 255–270.
Wilson, C. and Tisdell, C. (2002) Conservation and economic benefits of wildlife-based marine tourism: sea turtles and whales as case studies. Economics, Ecology and the Environment Report, 19 pp.
