Hostname: page-component-797576ffbb-jhnrh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2023-12-02T10:07:52.328Z Has data issue: false Feature Flags: { "corePageComponentGetUserInfoFromSharedSession": true, "coreDisableEcommerce": false, "useRatesEcommerce": true } hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

VOT merger in Heritage Korean in Toronto

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 June 2016

Yoonjung Kang  and
Naomi Nagy
Yoonjung Kang
Affiliation:
University of Toronto Scarborough
Naomi Nagy
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Korean has a typologically unusual three-way laryngeal contrast in voiceless stops among aspirated, lenis, and fortis stops. Seoul Korean is undergoing a female-led sound change in which aspirated stops and lenis stops are merging in voice onset time (VOT) and are better distinguished by the F0 (fundamental frequency) of the following vowel than by their VOT, in younger speakers' speech. This paper compares the VOT pattern of Homeland (Seoul) and Heritage (Toronto) Korean speakers and finds that the same change is in progress in both. However, in the heritage variety, younger speakers do not advance the change, unlike their Seoul counterparts. Rather they have leveled off or are perhaps reversing the change, and there is very little sex difference among the younger heritage speakers' patterns. We consider possible accounts of the differences between the Seoul and Toronto patterns, building our understanding of how language-internal variation operates in bilingual speakers, a topic that has received relatively less attention in the variationist literature.

Type
Research Article
Information
Language Variation and Change , Volume 28 , Issue 2 , July 2016 , pp. 249 - 272
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abramson, Arthur, & Lisker, Lee. (1985). Relative power of cues: F0 shift versus voice timing. In Fromkin, V. (ed.), Phonetic linguistics. New York: Academic. 25–33.Google Scholar
Antoniou, Mark, Best, Catherine T., Tyler, Michael D., & Kroos, Christian. (2010). Language context elicits native-like stop voicing in early bilinguals’ productions in both L1 and L2. Journal of Phonetics 38:640–653.Google Scholar
Baayen, R. Harald, Davidson, Douglas J., & Bates, Douglas M. (2008). Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory and Language 59:390–412.Google Scholar
Bang, Hye-Young, Sonderegger, Morgan, Kang, Yoonjung, Clayards, Meghan, & Yoon, Tae-Jin. (2015). The effect of word frequency on the timecourse of tonogenesis in Seoul Korean. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference of Phonetic Sciences. Available at: http://www.icphs2015.info/pdfs/Papers/ICPHS0843.pdf. Accessed December 22, 2015.Google Scholar
Bates, Douglas, Maechler, Martin, Bolker, Ben, Walker, Steven, Christensen, Rune Haubo Bojesen, Singmann, Henrik, Dai, Bin, & Grothendieck, Gabor. (2015). lme4 package, version 1.1-10. Available at: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/lme4/. Downloaded December 22, 2015.Google Scholar
Beckman, Mary E., Li, Fangfang, Kong, Eunjong, & Edwards, Jan. (2014). Aligning the timelines of phonological acquisition and change. Laboratory Phonology 5(1):151–194.Google Scholar
Blainey, Darcie. (2013). First to come, last to go: Phonological change and resilience in Louisiana Regional French. Ph.D. dissertation, Tulane University.Google Scholar
Boersma, Paul, & Weenink, David. (2011). Praat: Doing phonetics by computer [Computer program]. Version 5.2.25. Available at: http://www.praat.org. Accessed April 21, 2015.Google Scholar
Boyd, Zac, Elliott, Zuzana, Fruehwald, Josef, Hall-Lew, Lauren, & Lawrence, Daniel. (2015). An evaluation of sociolinguistic elicitation methods. Proceedings of the 18 thInternational Conference of Phonetic Sciences. Available at: http://www.icphs2015.info/pdfs/Papers/ICPHS0800.pdf. Accessed December 22, 2015.Google Scholar
Brown, Lucien, & Yeon, Jaehoon. (2015). Varieties of contemporary Korean. In Brown, L. & Yeon, J. (eds.), The Handbook of Korean linguistics. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. 459–476.Google Scholar
Caramazza, Alfonso, Yeni-Komshian, Grace, Zurif, Edgar, & Carbone, Evelyn. (1973). The acquisition of a new phonological contrast: The case of stop consonants in French-English bilinguals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 54:421–428.Google Scholar
Chang, Charles B. (2012). Rapid and multifaceted effects of second-language learning on first-language speech production. Journal of Phonetics 40:249–268.Google Scholar
Cho, Taehong, Jun, Sun-Ah, & Ladefoged, Peter. (2002). Acoustic and aerodynamic correlates of Korean stops and fricatives. Journal of Phonetics 30:193–228.Google Scholar
Choi, Hansook. (2002). Acoustic cues for the Korean stop contrast: dialectal variation. Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft Papers in Linguistics 28:1–12.Google Scholar
Dubois, Sylvie, & Noetzel, Sibylle. (2005). Intergenerational pattern of interference and internally-motivated changes in Cajun French. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 8(2):131–143.Google Scholar
Dubois, Sylvie, Noetzel, Sibylle, & Salmon, Carole. (2005). Les innovations en français cadien: Interférences ou changements motivés de façon interne au système? In Brasseur, P. & Falkert, A. (eds.), Français d'Amérique: Approches morphosyntaxiques. Actes du colloque international Grammaire comparée des variétés de français d'Amérique (Université d'Avignon, 17–20 mai 2004). Paris: L'Harmattan. 27–38.Google Scholar
Flege, James E. (1987). The production of “new” and “similar” phones in a foreign language: Evidence for the effect of equivalence classification. Journal of Phonetics 15:47–65.Google Scholar
Flege, James E., & Eefting, Wieke. (1987). Production and perception of English stops by native Spanish speakers. Journal of Phonetics 15:67–83.Google Scholar
Fowler, Carole, Sramko, Valery, Ostry, David J., Rowland, Sarah A., & Hallé, Pierre. (2008). Cross language phonetic influences on the speech of French–English bilinguals. Journal of Phonetics 36:649–663.Google Scholar
Haggard, Mark, Ambler, Stephen, & Callow, Mo. (1969). Pitch as a voicing cue. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 47:613–617.Google Scholar
Han, Meiko S., & Weitzman, Raymond S. (1970). Acoustic features of Korean /P, T, K/, /p, t, k/ and /ph, th, kh/. Phonetica 22:112–128.Google Scholar
Hardcastle, William J. (1973). Some observations on the tense-lax distinction in initial stops in Korean. Journal of Phonetics 1:263–272.Google Scholar
Hombert, Jean-Marie. (1978). Consonant types, vowel quality, and tone. In Fromkin, V. A. (ed.), Tone: A linguistic survey. New York: Academic Press. 77–111.Google Scholar
Hombert, Jean-Marie, Ohala, John J., & Ewan, William G. (1979). Phonetic explanations for the development of tones. Language 55:37–58.Google Scholar
Iacobucci, Dawn, Schneider, Matthew J., Popovich, Deidre L., & Bakamitsos, Georgios A. (2015). Mean centering helps alleviate “micro” but not “macro” multicollinearity. Behavior Research Methods, 1–10. Available at: https://manuscriptpro.com/profile/article/26148824. Accessed April 21, 2015.Google Scholar
Ito, Chiyuki, & Kenstowicz, Michael. (2009). Mandarin loanwords in Yanbian Korean I: Laryngeal features. Phonological Studies 12:61–72.Google Scholar
Jin, Wenhua. (2008). Sounds of Chinese Korean: A variationist approach. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas at Arlington.Google Scholar
Jun, Sun-Ah. (1993). The phonetics and phonology of Korean prosody. Ph.D. dissertation, The Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Jun, Sun-Ah. (1996). Influence of microprosody on macroprosody: A case of phrase initial strengthening. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 92:97–116.Google Scholar
Kang, Kyoung-Ho, & Guion, Susan G. (2006). Phonological systems in bilinguals: Age of learning effects on the stop consonant systems of Korean–English bilinguals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119:1672–1683.Google Scholar
Kang, Kyoung-Ho, & Guion, Susan G. (2008). Clear speech production of Korean stops: Changing phonetic targets and enhancement strategies. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 124:3909–3917.Google Scholar
Kang, Yoonjung. (2008). Tensification of voiced stops in English loanwords in Korean. Harvard Studies in Korean Linguistics 12:179–192.Google Scholar
Kang, Yoonjung. (2014). Voice onset time merger and development of tonal contrast in Seoul Korean stops: A corpus study. Journal of Phonetics 45:76–90.Google Scholar
Kang, Yoonjung, & Han, Sungwoo. (2013). Tonogenesis in early Contemporary Seoul Korean: A longitudinal case study. Lingua 134:62–74.Google Scholar
Kang, Yoonjung, Han, Sungwoo, Kochetov, Alexei, & Kong, Eunjong. (2012). Cross-language perception under sound change in progress: Loanword connection. Paper presented at the 86th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Portland, January 5–8.Google Scholar
Kessinger, R. H., & Blumstein, S. E. (1997). Effects of speaking rate on voice-onset time in Thai, French, and English. Journal of Phonetics 25(2):143–168.Google Scholar
Kim, Chin-Wu. (1965). On the autonomy of the tensity feature in stop classification (with special reference to Korean stops). Word 21:339–359.Google Scholar
Kim, Mi-Ran Cho. (1994). Acoustic characteristics of Korean stops and perception of English stop consonants. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin–Madison.Google Scholar
Kim, Midam. (2004). Correlation between VOT and F0 in the perception of Korean stops and affricates. In Proceedings of the 8th international conference on spoken language processing (INTERSPEECH-2004). Jeju Island, Korea: International Speech Communication Association. 49–52.Google Scholar
Kim, Mi-Ryung, Beddor, Patrice S., & Horrocks, Julie. (2002). The contribution of consonantal and vocalic information to the perception of Korean initial stops. Journal of Phonetics 30:77–100.Google Scholar
King, Ruth. (1989). On the social meaning of linguistic variability in language death situations: Variation in Newfoundland French. In Dorian, N. C. (ed.), Investigating obsolescence: Studies in language contraction and death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 139–148.Google Scholar
Kingston, John. (2011). Tonogenesis. In van Oostendorp, M., Ewen, C. J., Hume, E., & Rice, K. (eds.), The Blackwell companion to phonology. Hoboken: Blackwell Reference Online. Available at: http://www.companiontophonology.com/subscriber/tocnode?id=g9781405184236_chunk_g978140518423699. Accessed April 21, 2015.Google Scholar
Kingston, John, & Diehl, Randy L. (1994). Phonetic knowledge. Language 70:419–494.Google Scholar
Kuznetsova, Alexandra, Bruun Brockhoff, Per, & Christensen, Rune Haubo Bojesen. (2015). lmerTest package, version 2.0-29. Available at: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/lmerTest/. Downloaded December 22, 2015.Google Scholar
Labov, William. (1984). Field methods of the project on linguistic change and variation. In Baugh, J. & Sherzer, J. (eds.), Language in use. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. 28–53.Google Scholar
Labov, William. (2001). Principles of linguistic change. Vol. 3: Social factors. Malden: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Labov, William. (2007). Transmission and diffusion. Language 83:344–387.Google Scholar
Lisker, Lee, & Abramson, Arthur. (1964). A cross-language study of voicing in initial stops: Acoustical measurements. Word 20:384–422.Google Scholar
Lyskawa, Paulina. (2015). Variation in case marking in Heritage Polish. M.A. thesis, University of Toronto.Google Scholar
Lyskawa, Paulina, Maddeaux, Ruth, & Melara, Emilia. (2015). Word-final devoicing in Heritage Polish. Poster presented at NWAV44, Toronto, October 22–25.Google Scholar
Nagy, Naomi. (2009). Heritage language variation and change in Toronto. Available at: http://projects.chass.utoronto.ca/ngn/HLVC. Accessed April 21, 2015.Google Scholar
Nagy, Naomi. (2011). A multilingual corpus to explore variation in language contact situations. Rassegna Italiana di Linguistica Applicata 43(1–2):65–84.Google Scholar
Nagy, Naomi, Chociej, Joanna, & Hoffman, Michol. (2014). Analyzing ethnic orientation in the quantitative sociolinguistic paradigm. In L. Hall-Lew & M. Yaeger-Dror (eds.), “New perspectives on the concept of ethnolect,” Special issue of Language and Communication 35:9–26.Google Scholar
Nagy, Naomi, & Kochetov, Alexei. (2013). VOT across the generations: A cross-linguistic study of contact-induced change. In Siemund, P., Gogolin, I., Schulz, M., & Davydova, J. (eds.), Multilingualism and language contact in urban areas: acquisition—development—teaching—communication. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 19–38.Google Scholar
Nagy, Naomi, & Meyerhoff, Miriam. (2008). The social lives of linguistics. In Meyerhoff, M. & Nagy, N. (eds.), Social lives in language—Sociolinguistics and multilingual speech communities. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 1–17.Google Scholar
Newlin-Łukowicz, Luiza. (2014). From interference to transfer in language contact: Variation in voice onset time. Language Variation and Change 26:359–385.Google Scholar
NIKL (The National Institute of the Korean Language). (2005). A speech corpus of reading-style Standard Korean [DVDs]. Seoul, Korea: The National Institute of the Korean Language.Google Scholar
Oh, Eunjin. (2011). Effects of speaker gender on voice onset time in Korean stops. Journal of Phonetics 39:59–67.Google Scholar
Park, Hanyong, & de Jong, Kenneth J. (2008). Perceptual category mapping between English and Korean prevocalic obstruents: Evidence from mapping effects in second language identification skills. Journal of Phonetics 36:704–723.Google Scholar
Pearce, Mary. (2009). Kera tone and voicing interaction. Lingua 119:846–864.Google Scholar
Pinheiro, José C., & Bates, Douglas M. (2000). Mixed-effects models in S and S-PLUS. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Polinsky, Maria. (2008). Gender under incomplete acquisition: Heritage speakers’ knowledge of noun categorization. Heritage Language Journal 6(1):40–71.Google Scholar
R Development Core Team. (2015). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available at: http://www.r-project.org. Accessed April 21, 2015.Google Scholar
Ringen, Catherine, & Kulikov, Vladimir. (2012). Voicing in Russian stops: Cross-linguistic implications. Journal of Slavic Linguistics 20(2):269–286.Google Scholar
Rottet, Kevin. (1995). Language shift and language death in the Cajun French-speaking communities of Terrebonne and Lafourche Parishes, Louisiana. Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University.Google Scholar
Sancier, Michelle, & Fowler, Carole A. (1997). Gestural drift in a bilingual speaker of Brazilian Portuguese and English. Journal of Phonetics 25:421–436.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Anna Marie. (1996). Cross-language identification of consonants. Part 1: Korean perception of English. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 99(5):3201–3211.Google Scholar
Silva, David. (2006). Acoustic evidence for the emergence of tonal contrast in contemporary Korean. Phonology 23:287–308.Google Scholar
Sorianello, Patrizia. (1996). Indici fonetici delle occlusive sorde nel cosentino. Rivista Italiana di Dialettologia 20:123–159.Google Scholar
Stanford, James, & Preston, Dennis. (2009). Variation in indigenous minority languages. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Statistics Canada. (2013a). Population by mother tongue, by census metropolitan area (2011 Census). Available at: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo12c-eng.htm. Accessed April 21, 2015.Google Scholar
Statistics Canada. (2013b). Toronto, CMA, Ontario (Code 535) (table). National Household Survey (NHS) Profile. 2011 National Household Survey. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 99-004-XWE. Ottawa. Released September 11, 2013. Available at: http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E. Accessed April 21, 2015.Google Scholar
Sundara, Megha. (2005). Acoustic-phonetics of coronal stops: A cross-language study of Canadian-English and Canadian-French. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 118(2):1026–1037.Google Scholar
Sundara, Megha, Polka, Linda, & Baum, Shari. (2006). Production of coronal stops by simultaneously bilingual adults. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 9:97–114.Google Scholar
Thurgood, Graham. (2002). Vietnamese and tonogenesis. Diachronica 19:333–363.Google Scholar
Treiman, Rebecca, Bowey, Judith, & Bourassa, Derrick. (2002). Segmentation of spoken words into syllables by English-speaking children as compared to adults. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 83(3):213–238.Google Scholar
UCLA: Statistical Consulting Group. (2011). R library: Contrast coding systems for categorical variables. Available at: http://statistics.ats.ucla.edu/stat/r/library/contrast_coding.htm. Accessed April 21, 2015.Google Scholar
Whalen, Douglas H., & Levitt, Andrea G. (1995). The universality of intrinsic F0 of vowels. Journal of Phonetics 23:349–366.Google Scholar
Whiteside, Sandra, Henry, Louisa, & Dobbin, Rachel. (2004). Sex differences in voice onset time: A developmental study of phonetic context effects in British English. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 116:1179–1183.Google Scholar
Wittenburg, Peter, Brugman, Hennie, Russel, Albert, Klassmann, Alex, & Sloetjes, Han. (2006). ELAN: A professional framework for multimodality research. Proceedings of LREC 2006, Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation. 1556–1559. Available at: http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:60436:2/component/escidoc:60437/LREC%202006_Elan_Wittenburg.pdf. Accessed May 2, 2016.Google Scholar
Wright, Jonathan D. (2007). Laryngeal contrast in Seoul Korean. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar