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Climate change refugia: landscape, stand and tree-scale microclimates in epiphyte community composition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 March 2021

Christopher J. Ellis Open the ORCID record for Christopher J. Ellis [Opens in a new window]  and
Sally Eaton
Christopher J. Ellis*
Affiliation:
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
Sally Eaton
Affiliation:
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
*
Author for correspondence: Christopher Ellis. E-mail: c.ellis@rbge.org.uk
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Abstract

There is growing evidence that species and communities are responding to, and will continue to be affected by, climate change. For species at risk, vulnerability can be reduced by ensuring that their habitat is extensive, connected and provides opportunities for dispersal and/or gene flow, facilitating a biological response through migration or adaptation. For woodland epiphytes, vulnerability might also be reduced by ensuring sufficient habitat heterogeneity, so that microhabitats provide suitable local microclimates, even as the larger scale climate continues to change (i.e. microrefugia). This study used fuzzy set ordination to compare bryophyte and lichen epiphyte community composition to a large-scale gradient from an oceanic to a relatively more continental macroclimate. The residuals from this relationship identified microhabitats in which species composition reflected a climate that was more oceanic or more continental than would be expected given the prevailing macroclimate. Comparing these residuals to features that operate at different scales to create the microclimate (landscape, stand and tree-scale), it was possible to identify how one might engineer microrefugia into existing or new woodland, in order to reduce epiphyte vulnerability to climate change. Multimodel inference was used to identify the most important features for consideration, which included local effects such as height on the bole, angle of bole lean and bark water holding capacity, as well as tree species and tree age, and within the landscape, topographic wetness and physical exposure.

Keywords

bark water holding capacityfuzzy set ordinationlichensmicrorefugiamultimodel inferencetopographic wetness indexwoodland management
Type
Standard Papers
Information
The Lichenologist , Volume 53 , Issue 1 , January 2021 , pp. 135 - 148
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the British Lichen Society

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