Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 May 2020
How do we write about cities in a world of deepening inequality, real-estate geopolitics, and the planetary water crisis that is unfolding in parts of Asia and elsewhere? Indian urban studies, which began to gain ground as a legitimate subject of scholarly enquiry two decades ago, has now emerged as a site to study political society, state-making, and citizenship, and to offer rich accounts of how post-colonial urban governance and law-making work. In this review, I explore the powerful analytics developed in three recent books in urban studies: Anindita Ghosh's historical work on colonial Calcutta, Claiming the City: Protest, Crime and Scandals in Colonial Calcutta, c. 1860–1920 (2016); Asher Ghertner's geographical analysis of neoliberal Delhi, Rule by Aesthetics: World-Class City Making in Delhi (2015); and Nikhil Anand's ethnographic account of restive publics and citizenship in Mumbai, Hydraulic City: Water and the Infrastructures of Citizenship in Mumbai (2017). This recent scholarship on urbanization has moved away from earlier rubrics of segregation, biopolitical disciplining, and resistance to offer rich accounts of the frictions that make and unmake political societies, critical tools to study the life of law in post-colonial cities, infrastructures as sites for the production of citizenship, and new financial and legal assemblages of risk-management, building lobbies, and syndicates around which urban politics is swirling. These accounts also deepen our understanding of the long genealogy of the contemporary moment, including populism, electoral politics, and post-colonial state-making. Indeed, the future of urban studies in a rapidly urbanizing world should be one that helps us to understand the nature of politics, contestations around legalities, environmental crises, and new financial geographies of power and dispossession.
‘Restive publics’ is a term I draw from Nikhil Anand, Hydraulic City: Water and the Infrastructures of Citizenship in Mumbai (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017).
1 Karen Coelho's work on urban public utilities as ‘anthropomorphic grids’ through which citizenship and sovereignty are constantly negotiated and held together by a patchy network of bureaucrats, engineers, and maintainers remain seminal in this regard. See Coelho, Karen, ‘Unstating “the Public”: An Ethnography of Reform in an Urban Public Sector Utility in South India’, in Mosse, David and Lewis, David (eds), Anthropology Upstream: The Ethnography of Aid Donors and Neoliberal Reform (London: Pluto Press, 2005), pp. 171–195Google Scholar; and Coelho, K., ‘Tapping in: Leaky Sovereignties and Engineered (Dis)Order in an Urban Water System’, in Narula, Monica et al. , Sarai Reader 06: Turbulence (Delhi: Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, 2006), pp. 497–509Google Scholar.
2 While not an attempt at providing an exhaustive list on violence and cities in India, see works by Blom-Hansen, Thomas, Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001)Google Scholar; Baviskar, Amita, ‘Between Violence and Desire: Space, Power, and Identity in the Making of Metropolitan Delhi’, International Social Science Journal 55, no. 175 (2003), pp. 89–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Banerjee-Guha, Swapna, ‘Neoliberalising the “Urban”: New Geographies of Power and Injustice in Indian Cities’, Economic and Political Weekly 44, no. 22 (2009), pp. 95–107Google Scholar; Prakash, Gyan, Mumbai Fables: History of an Enchanted City (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011)Google Scholar; and Pandey, Gyanendra, Routine Violence: Nations, Fragments, Histories (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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4 For an exploration of how this new residential capitalism operates in Delhi, see Dasgupta, Rana, Capital: The Eruption of Delhi (New Delhi: Penguin Press, 2014)Google Scholar; for Kolkata, see Bhattacharyya, Debjani, ‘Politics of Dwelling: Divergent Spaces in Calcutta’, in Dilworth, Richardson and Weaver, Timothy (eds), Role of Ideas in Urban Political Development (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2020), pp. 202–14Google Scholar; and for Bombay, see Chhabria, Sheetal, Making the Modern Slum: The Power of Capital in Colonial Bombay (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2019)Google Scholar.
5 In his recent work on the interventions in the zoned areas of the brothel, Steve Legg studied urban spatial politics during the interwar period on a scalar level to understand governance at various levels, from local to state to international. Legg, S., Prostitution and the Ends of Empire: Scale, Governmentality and Interwar India (Raleigh: Duke University Press, 2014)Google Scholar.
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7 Anand, Hydraulic City, p. 7.
8 When I refer to the ‘long’ twentieth century here, I depart from Eric Hobsbawn's theorization of the twentieth century as a short one, with the Second World War and the fall of communism as two critical moments that bookend the century. While these experiences were not at all marginal to South Asia (or the post-colonial world), I regard decolonization as a more useful temporality for understanding the twentieth century for the formerly colonized world. The global economic changes that began at the end of the nineteenth century remade the twentieth century as a period marked by decolonization, economic neo-liberalization, rapid urbanization, and environmental crisis. In recasting the twentieth century in this manner, I have also found it productive to think through Arrighi, Giovanni, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power and the Origin of our Time (New York: Verso, [1994] 2009)Google Scholar; and Goswami, Manu, Producing India: From Colonial Economy to National Space (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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11 Epidemiological cities continue to produce scholarly and artistic engagement with the urban. See the 2017 exhibition at the Wellcome Trust Library on ‘Drawing the Bombay Plague’, https://wellcomecollection.org/articles/Wju6LCQAACYA5fY7, [accessed 21 April 2020].
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14 The CSDS is an institution that remains one of the central mouthpieces on urbanism in India.
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16 Ibid.
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35 Gyan Prakash ‘The Urban Turn’, in Sarai Reader 02: Cities of Everyday Life, pp. 2–7.
36 Kidambi, The Making of the Indian Metropolis, p. 1.
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38 Kidambi, The Making of the Indian Metropolis.
39 King, Anthony, Colonial Urban Development: Culture, Social Power and Environment (London: Routledge, 1976)Google Scholar.
40 Legg's study on Delhi uses a Foucauldian lens of control, discipline, and governmentality to develop geographical models to study spatial control: Legg, ‘Biopolitics and the Urban Environment’, in his Spaces of Colonialism, pp. 149–209.
41 Chattopadhyay's fascinating exploration of Calcutta's culture and indigenous modernity turns away from the British administrative spaces to the wealthy native houses and their architectural ideology: Chattopadhyay, S., Representing Calcutta. Modernism, Nationalism, and the Colonial Uncanny (Abingdon; Routledge, 2006), pp. 136–224Google Scholar.
42 Notions of technocratic planning and its limits have dominated the study of the northwest Indian city Chandigarh. See Kalia, Ravi, Chandigarh: The Making of an Indian City (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998)Google Scholar; and Prakash, Vikramaditya, Le Corbuiser's Chandigarh: Struggle for Modernity in Postcolonial India (Washington: University of Washington Press, 2002)Google Scholar.
43 Glover, Making Lahore Modern, p. xviii.
44 Ibid., p. xx.
45 Glover shows how Swiss educationist and social reformer Johann Pestalozzi's curriculum of ‘object-lessons’ were imported into the colonial classrooms and gradually adopted into the everyday parlance of colonial life. Ibid., p. xxv.
46 See Chopra, A Joint Enterprise, especially Chapter 1.
47 Chattopadhyay, Representing Calcutta, pp. 1–3.
48 Ibid.
49 For works highlighting hybrid modernity, see Prakash, Le Corbuiser's Chandigarh; Glover, Making Lahore Modern; Hazareesingh, The Colonial City; Kidambi, The Making of an Indian Metropolis; Legg, Spaces of Colonialism; Nair, The Promise of the Metropolis; and Hosagrahar, and Indigenous Modernities.
50 Datta, Planning the City.
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52 Hull, Mathew, Government of Paper: The Materiality of Bureaucracy in Urban Pakistan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012)Google Scholar.
53 Ghosh, Claiming the City, p. 20, see note 52.
54 Ibid., p. 21.
55 Ibid., p. 89.
56 Banerjee, Sumanta, The Parlour and the Street: The Elite and Popular Culture of Nineteenth-Century Calcutta (Calcutta: Seagull Books, 1989)Google Scholar.
57 Ghosh, Claiming the City, p. 104.
58 Ibid., p. 121.
59 Banerjee, Sumanta, Dangerous Outcast: The Prostitute in Nineteenth-Century Bengal (Calcutta: Seagull Books, 1998)Google Scholar; Legg, Stephen, ‘Anti-Vice Lives: Peopling the Archives of Prostitution in Interwar India’, in Pliley, Jessica R., Kramm-Masaoka, Robert and Fischer-Tiné, Harald (eds), Global Anti-Vice Activism, 1890–1950: Fighting Drinks, Drugs, and ‘Immorality’ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016)Google Scholar.
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61 Ibid.
62 Ibid., p. 125.
63 Ibid., p. 162.
64 Ibid., p. 293.
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68 Late Foucault is becoming increasingly influential in South Asian studies, where we see a shift from discourse and discipline to ethics and governmentality. See Heath, Deana and Legg, Stephen, South Asian Governmentalities; Michel Foucault and the Question of Postcolonial Orderings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018)Google Scholar.
69 Prakash, ‘The Urban Turn’, p. 3.
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78 Ibid., pp. 42–44.
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82 Ibid., p. 10.
83 Ibid.
84 Anand, Hydraulic City.
85 Ghertner, Rule by Aesthetics, p. 17.
86 Ibid., pp. 57–66.
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93 Anand, Hydraulic City, p. 7. Coelho makes a similar argument about water's leakiness. See Coelho, ‘Tapping in’.
94 Anand, Hydraulic City, p. vii.
95 Ibid., p. 10.
96 Ibid., p. vii.
97 Ibid., p. 132.
98 Ibid., p. 11.
99 Ibid., pp. 89–92.
100 Ibid., p. 91.
101 Aakansha Sewa Sangh, Agaaz, Arts Collective CAMP and Nikhil Anand, Ek Dozen Pani (One Dozen Water), 2008, http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/ek-dozen-pani-twelve-stories-passage-water-mumbai-and-its-relation-everyday-lives-films, [accessed 27 March 2020].
102 Anand, Hydraulic City, p. ix.
103 Ibid., p. 7.
104 Ibid., p. 156. For a similar critique of the static division of civil and political society in the case of Mumbai, see McQuarrie, Michael, Fernandes, Naresh and Shepard, Cassim, ‘The Field of Struggle, the Office, and the Flat: Protest and Aspiration in a Mumbai Slum’, Public Culture 25, no. 2, 70 (2013), pp. 315–348CrossRefGoogle Scholar, doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-2020629.
105 MacFarlane, Colin, Learning the City: Knowledge and Translocal Assemblage (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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107 Coelho, ‘Tapping in’.
108 Anand, Hydraulic City, p. 162.
109 Ibid., pp. 165–168.
110 Ibid., p. 189.
111 Ibid., p. 13.
112 Ibid., p. 237.