Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-wq2xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-15T07:29:18.870Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Radio Londra 1943-1945: Italian society at the microphones of the BBC

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 December 2017

Ester Lo Biundo*
Affiliation:
Department of History, University of Reading

Abstract

Propaganda from the BBC directed at Italy during the Second World War played a dual role. The ‘Radio Londra’ programmes, on the one hand a propaganda tool of the British government and on the other moral support to many Italians, are part of the cultural heritage of the war. This article explores what topics and types of programme were broadcast during the period of the Allied occupation of Italy (1943–1945) in order to engage the support of different social categories, including ordinary men and women, soldiers, factory workers, former Fascists, and intellectuals. The first part analyses some of the programmes in order to determine their propaganda strategies, while the second part focuses on the letters sent by listeners in Italy to the BBC broadcaster Colonel Stevens. It will be seen how both the use of cultural stereotypes and the attention to the detail of daily life for Italian civilians contributed to the success of the programmes.

Italian summary

La propaganda della BBC in Italia durante la seconda guerra mondiale giocò un ruolo ambivalente. Strumento propagandistico del governo inglese da un lato, e supporto morale per molti italiani dall’altro, i programmi di Radio Londra fanno parte dell’eredità culturale della seconda guerra mondiale. Scopo di questo saggio è comprendere che argomenti e tipo di programmi vennero trasmessi per intercettare il consenso di differenti categorie sociali nella fase dell’occupazione alleata dell’Italia (1943-45). Tra queste categorie donne e uomini comuni, soldati, operai, ex-fascisti, intellettuali. La prima parte del saggio analizza alcuni programmi per estrapolarne le strategie propagandistiche. La seconda parte si incentra invece sulle lettere inviate dagli ascoltatori in Italia al Colonnello Stevens, uno dei commentatori più popolari dell’Italian Service. Dal testo emergerà come l’uso di stereotipi culturali e l’attenzione a dettagli della vita quotidiana dei civili italiani contribuirono al successo dei programmi.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© 2017 Association for the Study of Modern Italy 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Archival sources

Italian Service (IS), BBC Written Archives (BBC WA), Caversham.Google Scholar
Fondo Paolo Treves (FPT), Fondazione di Studi Storici Filippo Turati (FFT), Florence.Google Scholar
Foreign Office (FO), National Archives (NA), London.Google Scholar

References

Baldoli, C. 2003. Exporting Fascism: Italian Fascists and Britain’s Italians in the 1930s. Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar
Baldoli, C. 2012. ‘Bombing the FIAT: Allied Raids, Workers’ Strikes, and the Italian Resistance’. Labour History Review 77 (1): 7592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
British Broadcasting Corporation. 1945. Ecco Radio Londra. London: BBC.Google Scholar
Bernabei, A. 1997. Esuli ed emigrati italiani nel Regno Unito, 1920–40 . Milan: Mursia.Google Scholar
Berrettini, M. 2010. ‘“To set Italy ablaze!” Special Operations Executive e i reclutamenti di agenti tra enemy aliens e prisoners of war italiani (Regno Unito, Stati Uniti e Canada)’. Altreitalie 40 (January–June): 5–25.Google Scholar
Briggs, A. 1970. The War of Words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cavarocchi, F. 2010. Avanguardie dello spirito: il fascismo e la propaganda culturale all’estero. Rome: Carocci.Google Scholar
Cooke, P. 2012. ‘La Resistenza come secondo Risorgimento: un topos retorico senza fine?Passato e Presente 86:6281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruickshank, C. 1977. The Fourth Arm: Psychological Warfare 1938–1945. London: Davis-Poynter.Google Scholar
Delzell, C. F. 1961. Mussolini’s Enemies: The Italian Anti-Fascist Resistance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ellwood, D. 1985. Italy 1943–1945. Leicester: Leicester University Press.Google Scholar
Focardi, F. 2013. Il cattivo tedesco e il bravo italiano: la rimozione delle colpe della seconda guerra mondiale. Rome–Bari: Laterza.Google Scholar
Forgacs, D. and Gundle, S. 2007. Mass Culture and Italian Society from Fascism to the Cold War. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Garnett, D. 2002. The Secret History of PWE: The Political Warfare Executive, 1939–1945. London: St Ermin’s.Google Scholar
Insolvibile, I. 2012. Wops: i prigionieri italiani in Gran Bretagna (1941–1946). Naples: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane.Google Scholar
Isola, G. 1990. Abbassa la tua radio, per favore ... : storia dell’ascolto radiofonico nell’Italia fascista. Scandicci: La Nuova Italia.Google Scholar
Lo Biundo, E. 2014. London Calling Italy. La propaganda di Radio Londra nel 1943. Milan: Unicopli.Google Scholar
Lo Biundo, E. 2016. ‘Voices of Occupiers/Liberators: The BBC’s Radio Propaganda in Italy between 1942 and 1945’. Journal of War & Culture Studies 9 (1): 6073.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lockhart, B. R. H. 1947. Comes the Reckoning. London: Putnam.Google Scholar
Lockhart, B. R. H. 1980. The Diaries of Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart: Vol. 2, 1939–1965, edited by K. Young. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Marzano, A. 2015. Onde fasciste. La propaganda araba di Radio Bari (1934–43). Rome: Carocci.Google Scholar
Mercuri, L. 1983. Guerra psicologica: la propaganda anglo-americana in Italia, 1942–1946. Rome: Archivio Trimestrale.Google Scholar
Monteleone, F. 1976. La radio italiana nel periodo fascista: studio e documenti 1922–1945. Venice: Marsilio.Google Scholar
Monticone, A. 1978. Il fascismo al microfono. Radio e politica in Italia (1924–1945). Rome: Studium.Google Scholar
Natale, A. L. 1990. Gli anni della radio (1924–1954). Contributo ad una storia sociale dei media in Italia. Naples: Liguori.Google Scholar
Nissim, E. 2003. Il pappagallo del nonno. Ricordi anglo-fiorentini. Udine: Campanotto.Google Scholar
Ortoleva, P. 1984. ‘La radio e il suo pubblico: verso una storia degli ascoltatori’. In La radio: storia di sessant’anni, 1924–1984, edited by F. Monteleone, and P. Ortoleva, 5559. Turin: ERI.Google Scholar
Overy, R. 2015. ‘Making and Breaking Morale: British Political Warfare and Bomber Command in the Second World War’. Twentieth Century British History 26 (3): 370399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pallotta, G. 1972. Il Qualunquismo e l’avventura di Guglielmo Giannini. Milan: Bompiani.Google Scholar
Papa, A. 1978. Storia politica della radio in Italia. Vol. 2: Dalla guerra d’Etiopia al crollo del fascismo. Naples: Guida.Google Scholar
Pavone, C. 1959. ‘Le idee della Resistenza. Antifascisti e fascisti di fronte alla tradizione del Risorgimento’. Passato e Presente, 7 (January–February) 850918.Google Scholar
Pergher, R., and Albanese, G. 2012. ‘Historians, Fascism, and Italian Society: Mapping the Limits of Consent’. In In the Society of Fascists: Acclamation, Acquiescence, and Agency in Mussolini’s Italy, edited by G. Albanese, and R. Pergher, 128. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Petrella, L. 2016 . Staging the Fascist War: The Ministry of Popular Culture and Italian Propaganda on the Home Front, 1938–1943. Oxford: Peter Lang.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piccialuti Caprioli, M., ed. 1976. Radio Londra 1940-1945: Inventario delle trasmissioni per l’Italia. Rome: Ministero per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali.Google Scholar
Potter, S. J. 2008. ‘Who Listened when London Called? Reactions to the BBC Empire Service in Canada, Australia and New Zealand, 1932–1939’. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 28 (4): 475487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sebastian, P. 1986. I Servizi Segreti Speciali Britannici e l’Italia (1940-45). Rome: Bonacci.Google Scholar
Setta, S. 1975. L’Uomo qualunque. 1944–1948. Rome–Bari: Laterza.Google Scholar
Sponza, L. 2000. Divided Loyalties: Italians in Britain during the Second World War. Bern–New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Sponza, L. 2013. ‘La BBC “in bianco” e “in nero”. La propaganda britannica per l’Italia nella seconda guerra mondiale’. StoriAmestre (December). Available online at: http://storiamestre.it/2013/12/bbcbiancoenero/ Google Scholar
Stevens, H. R. 1940–43. È al microfono il colonnello Stevens. London: BBC.Google Scholar
Summers, J. 2015. Fashion on the Ration: Style in the Second World War. London: Profile.Google Scholar
Tesi, R. 1997. ‘Linguaggio politico e propaganda radiofonica: l’italiano di Radio Londra’. In Gli Italiani trasmessi: la radio , edited by Accademia della Crusca, 71106. Florence: Accademia della Crusca.Google Scholar
Treves, P. 1947. L’isola misteriosa. Saggio psicologico sugli inglesi. Florence: La Nuova Italia.Google Scholar