Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-mp689 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T10:12:03.668Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Theoretical Models of Schottky Barriers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 February 2011

M. Schluter*
Affiliation:
Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ 07974(U.S.A.)
Get access

Abstract

A review is presented in which existing theories of the formation of Schottky barriers are analyzed. The list includes macroscopic dielectric approaches and various microscopic quantum mechanical treatments. The central role of interface states and their different physical origins are assessed. Simple concepts, able to predict general trends in barrier heights, are examined along with detailed microscopic theories applied to individual contacts.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1982

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1 Braun, F., Ann. Phys. (Leipzig), 153 (1874) 556.Google Scholar
2 Tamm, I., Phys. Z. Sowjetunion, 1 (1932) 733.Google Scholar
3 Shockley, W., Phys. Rev., 56 (1939) 317.Google Scholar
4 Eastman, D. E. and Grobman, W. D., Phys. Rev. Lett., 28 (1972) 1378.Google Scholar
4a Wagner, L. F. and Spicer, W. E., Phys. Rev. Lett., 28 (1972) 1381.Google Scholar
5 Appelbaum, J. and Hamann, D. R., Rev. Mod. Phys., 48 (1976) 3.Google Scholar
5a Schluter, M., in Treusch, J. (ed.), Festktörperprobleme, Adv. Solid State Phys., 18 (1978) 155.Google Scholar
5b Cohen, M. L., Adv. Electron. Electron Phys., 1 (1980) 1.Google Scholar
6 Schottky, W., Phys. Z., 41 (1940) 570.Google Scholar
7 Bardeen, J., Phys. Rev., 71 (1947) 717.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8 Heine, V., Phys. Rev. A, 138 (1965) 1689.Google Scholar
9 Yndurain, F., J. Phys. C, 4 (1971) 2849.Google Scholar
9a Louis, E., Yndurain, F. and Flores, F., Phys. Rev., 13 (1976)4408.Google Scholar
10 Louie, S. G. and Cohen, M. L., Phys. Rev. B, 13 (1976) 2461.Google Scholar
10a Louie, S. G., Chelikowsky, J. R. and Cohen, M. L., Phys. Rev. B, 15 (1976) 2145.Google Scholar
11 Mele, E. J. and Joannopoulos, J. D., Phys. Rev. B, 17 (1978) 1528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12 Phillips, J. C., J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 11 (1974) 947.Google Scholar
13 Andrews, J. M. and Phillips, J. C., Phys. Rev. Lett., 35 (1975) 56.Google Scholar
14 Brillson, L. J., Phys. Rev. Lett., 40 (1978) 260.Google Scholar
15 Spicer, W. E., Lindau, I., Skeath, P., Su, C. Y. and Chye, P., Phys. Rev. Lett., 44 (1980) 420.Google Scholar
16 Baraff, G. A. and Schluter, M., Phys. Rev. Lett., 41 (1978) 892.Google Scholar
16a Baraff, G. A. and Schluter, M., Phys. Rev. B, 19 (1979) 4965.Google Scholar
16b Baraff, G. A., Kane, E. O. and Schluter, M., Phys. Rev. Lett., 43 (1979) 956.Google Scholar
16c Baraff, G. A., Kane, E. O. and Schluter, M., Phys. Rev. B, 21 (1980) 5662.Google Scholar
16d Bachelet, G. B., Baraff, G. A. and Schluter, M., Phys. Rev. B, 24 (1981) 915.Google Scholar
17 Bernholc, J. and Pantelides, S. T., Phys. Rev. Lett., 41 (1978) 895.Google Scholar
17a Lipari, N. O., Bernholc, J. and Pantelides, S. T., Phys. Rev. Lett., 43 (1978) 1354.Google Scholar
18 Hjalmarson, H. P., Vogl, P., Wolford, D. J. and Down, J. D., Phys. Rev. Lett., 44 (1980) 810.Google Scholar
19 Daw, M. S. and Smith, D. L., J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 17 (1980) 1028.Google Scholar
20 Van Vechten, J. A., J. Electrochem. Soc., 122 (1975) 419.Google Scholar
21 Harrison, W. A., Phys. Rev. Lett., 37 (1976) 312.Google Scholar
22 Pandey, K. C. and Varma, C. M., unpublished, 1979.Google Scholar
23 Anderson, P. W., Phys. Rev. Lett., 34 (1975) 953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24 Inkson, J. C., J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 11 (1974) 943.Google Scholar
25 Kurtin, S., McGill, T. C. and Mead, C. A., Phys. Rev. Lett., 22 (1969) 1433.Google Scholar
26 Schluter, M., Phys. Rev. B, 17 (1978) 5044.Google Scholar
27 Pong, W. and Paudyal, D., Phys. Rev. B, 23 (1981) 3085.Google Scholar
28 Cohen, M. L., J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 16 (1979) 1135;Google Scholar
28a Adv. Electron. Electron Phys., 1 (1980) 29.Google Scholar
29 Cowley, A. M. and Sze, S. M., J. Appl. Phys., 36 (1966) 3212.Google Scholar
30 Mead, C. A. and McGill, T. C., Phys. Lett. A, 58 (1976) 249.Google Scholar
31 Himpsel, F. J., Eastman, D. E. and van der Veen, J. F., J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 17 (1980) 1085.Google Scholar
32 Ihm, J., Louie, S. G. and Cohen, M. L., Phys. Rev. Lett., 40 (1978) 1208.Google Scholar
33 Brillson, L. J., Brucker, C. F., Stoffel, N. G., Katnani, A. D. and Margaritondo, G., Phys. Rev. Lett., 46 (1981)838.Google Scholar
34 Proc. 7th Conf. on the Physics of Compound Semiconductor Interfaces, in J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 17 (1980)911930.Google Scholar
35 Proc. Symp. on Thin Films and Interfaces, Boston, MA, November 16–19, 1981, in Thin Solid Films, 93(1982).Google Scholar
36 Rowe, J. E., Christman, S. B. and Margaritondo, G., Phys. Rev. Lett., 35 (1975) 1471.Google Scholar
36a Chye, P. W., Lindan, I., Pianetta, P., Garner, C. M. and Spicer, W. E., Phys. Rev. B, 17 (1978) 2682.Google Scholar
37 Meyer, R. J., Duke, C. B., Paton, A., Kahn, A., So, E., Yeh, J. L. and Mark, P., Phys. Rev. B, 19 (1979) 5194.Google Scholar
38 Swarts, C. A., Goddard III, W. A. and McGill, T. C., J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 17 (1980) 982.Google Scholar
39 Swarts, C. A., Barton, J. J., Goddard III, W. A. and McGill, T. C., J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 17 (1980) 869.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40 Ihm, J. and Joannopoulos, J. D., Phys. Rev. Lett., 47 (1981) 679.Google Scholar
41 Duke, C. B., Paton, A., Meyer, R. J., Brillson, L. J., Kahn, A., Kanani, D., Carelli, J., Yeh, L. J., Margaritondo, G. and Katnani, A. D., Phys. Rev. Lett., 46 (1981) 440.Google Scholar
42 Chelikowsky, J. R., Louie, S. G. and Cohen, M. L., SolidState Commun., 20 (1976) 641.Google Scholar
43 Chelikowsky, J. R., Chadi, D. J. and Cohen, M. L., to be published.Google Scholar
44 Zunger, A., Phys. Rev. B, 24(1981)4372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45 Skeath, P., Lindau, I., Pianetta, P., Chye, P. W., Su, C. Y. and Spicer, W. E., J. Electron. Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 17 (1979) 259.Google Scholar
46 Brillson, L. J., Bachrach, R. Z., Bauer, R. S. and McMenamin, J. C., Phys. Rev. Lett., 42 (1979) 397.Google Scholar
47 Huijser, A., Van Laar, J. and Van Rooy, T. L., Surf Sci., 102 (1981) 264.Google Scholar
48 Chadi, D. J. and Bachrach, R. Z., J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 16 (1979) 1159.Google Scholar