Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-gtxcr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T12:22:46.269Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Georgia in-between: religion in public schools

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Ketevan Gurchiani*
Affiliation:
Institute of Philosophy, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia

Abstract

Based on ethnographic fieldwork in a Georgian village and supplemented by a range of interviews and observations from different parts of Georgia, this paper explores the creative presence of religion in public schools. In 2005 and in line with the strong secularization and modernization discourse, the Georgian parliament passed a new law on education, restricting the teaching of religion in public schools and separating religious organizations and public schools; nevertheless, mainstream Orthodox Christianity is widely practiced in schools. The paper aims to show how Georgians use religious spaces in secular institutions to practice their identity, to perform being “true Georgians.” At the same time, they are adopting a strong secularization and modernization discourse. By doing so they create a new space, a third space, marked by in-betweenness. The study uses the theoretical lens of Thirdspace for analyzing the hybridity, the in-betweenness of practices and attitudes inherent for politics, religion, and everyday life of Georgians.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 2017 Association for the Study of Nationalities 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agadjanian, Alexander, Jödicke, Ansgar, and van der Zweerde, Evert. 2014. Religion, Nation and Democracy in the South Caucasus. Vol. 59 in Routledge Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Althusser, Louis. 1970. “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses.” La Pensée, no. 151, June. Translated by Ben Brewster and published in Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/althusser/1970/ideology.htm.Google Scholar
Ammerman, Nancy T. 2007a. “Introduction: Observing Religious Modern Lives.” In Everyday Religion: Observing Religious Modern Lives, edited by Ammerman, Nancy T., 318. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ammerman, Nancy T. 2007b. Everyday Religion: Observing Modern Religious Lives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Andronikashvili, Zaal, and Maisuradze, Giorgi. 2010. “Secularization and Its Vicissitudes in Georgia.” Identity Studies 2: 517.Google Scholar
Asad, Talal. 1993. Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Batiashvili, Nutsa. 2012. “The ‘Myth’ of the Self: The Georgian National Narrative and Quest for ‘Georgianness.'” In Memory and Political Change, edited by Assmann, Aleida and Shortt, Linda, 186200. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Bauman, Zygmunt. 2005. Liquid Life. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Bauman, Zygmunt. 2013. Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Bellah, Robert N. 1967. “Civil Religion in America.” Dœdalus, Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 96 (1): 121.Google Scholar
Berger, Peter L. 1999. The De-secularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans.Google Scholar
Bhabha, Homi. 1990. “The Third Space: Interview with Homi Bhabha.” In Identity: Community, Culture, Difference, edited by Rutherford, Jonathan, 207221. London: Lawrence & Wishart.Google Scholar
Bhabha, Homi K. 2012. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Blum, Douglas W. 2007. National Identity and Globalization: Youth, State, and Society in Post-Soviet Eurasia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers, and Cooper, Frederick. 2000. “Beyond Identity'.” Theory and Society 29 (1): 147.Google Scholar
Casanova, José. 1994. Public Religions in the Modern World. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
de Certeau, Michel. 1984. The Practice of Everyday Life. Translated by Steven Rendall. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Charles, Robia. 2010. “Religiosity and Trust in Religious Institutions: Tales from the South Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia).” Politics and Religion 3 (2): 228261.Google Scholar
Corrigan, John. 2009. “Spatiality and Religion.” In The Spatial Turn: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, edited by Warf, Barney and Arias, Santa, 157172. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Davie, Grace. 1990. “Believing Without Belonging: Is This the Future of Religion in Britain? In Implicit Religion/Le Religieux Implicite.” Social Compass 37 (4): 455–469. doi:10.1177/003776890037004004.Google Scholar
Davie, Grace. 2006. “Vicarious Religion: A Methodological Challenge.” In Everyday Religion: Observing Religious Modern Lives, edited by Ammerman, Nancy T., 2137. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dragadze, Tamara. 1993. “The Domestication of Religion under Soviet Communism.” In Socialism: Ideals, Ideologies, and Local Practice, edited by Hann, Chris, 141151. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Eliade, Mircea. 1961. Images and Symbols: Studies in Religious Symbolism. New York: Sheed & Ward.Google Scholar
EMC (Human Rights Education and Monitoring Center). 2014. “Religion in Public Schools: An Analysis of Educational Policy from the Perspective of Religious Freedom.” http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/38200/1/ReligionInPublicSchools.pdf.Google Scholar
Emirbayer, Mustafa, and Mische, Ann. 1998. “What is Agency?American Journal of Sociology 103 (4): 9621023.Google Scholar
Feld, Steven, and Basso, Keith H., eds. 1996. Senses of Place. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel, and Miskowiec, Jay. 1986. “Of Other Spaces.” Diacritics 16 (1): 22–27. doi:10.2307/464648.Google Scholar
George, Julie A. 2009. “The Dangers of Reform: State Building and National Minorities in Georgia.” Central Asian Survey 28 (2): 135–154. doi:10.1080/02634930903031944.Google Scholar
Grant, Bruce. 2014. “The Edifice Complex: Architecture and the Political Life of Surplus in the new Baku.” Public Culture 26 (3): 501528. doi: 10.1215/08992363-2683648.Google Scholar
Grdzelidze, Tamara. 2010. “The Orthodox Church of Georgia: Challenges under Democracy and Freedom (1990–2009).” International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church 10 (2–3): 160–175. doi:10.1080/1474225X.2010.487719.Google Scholar
Hervieu-Léger, Danièle. 2002. “Space and Religion: New Approaches to Religious Spatiality in Modernity.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 26 (1): 99–105. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.00365.Google Scholar
Herzfeld, Michael. 2014. Cultural Intimacy: Social Poetics in the Nation-state. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Humphrey, Caroline. 2005. “Ideology in Infrastructure: Architecture and Soviet Imagination.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 11 (1): 3958. doi: 10.1111/j. 1467–9655.2005.00225.x.Google Scholar
Janelidze, Barbare. 2014. “Secularization and Desecularization in Georgia.” In Religion, Nation and Democracy in the South Caucasus, edited by Alexander Agadjanian, Ansgar Jödicke, and van der Zweerde, Evert, 6380. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jones, Anthony. 1994. “The Educational Legacy of the Soviet Period.” In Education and Society in the New Russia, edited by Jones, Anthony, 323. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Kapferer, Bruce. 1988. Legends of People, Myths of State: Violence, Intolerance, and Political Culture in Sri Lanka and Australia. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Law of Georgia on General Education. Accessed 21 March 2016. https://matsne.gov.ge/en/document/download/29248/56/en/pdf.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, Henri. 1991. The Production of Space. Translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Luckmann, Thomas. 1967. The Invisible Religion: The Problem of Modern Society. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Manning, Paul. 2008. “Materiality and Cosmology: Old Georgian Churches as Sacred, Sublime, and Secular Objects.” Ethnos 73 (3): 327–360. doi:10.1080/00141840802324011.Google Scholar
Manning, Paul. 2009. “The City of Balconies: Elite Politics and the Changing Semiotics of the Post-socialist Cityscape.” In City Culture and City Planning in Tbilisi: Where Europe and Asia Meet, edited by Kristof Van Assche, Joseph Salukvadze, and Shavishvili, Nick, 71102. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.Google Scholar
Mkrtchyan, Satenik. 2014. “Constructing National Identities Through General Education.” In Religion, Nation and Democracy in the South Caucasus, edited by Alexander Agadjanian, Ansgar Jödicke, and van der Zweerde, Evert, 149162. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Naletova, Inna. 2007. “Orthodoxy beyond the Walls of the Church: A Sociological Inquiry into Orthodox Religious Experience in Contemporary Russian Society.” PhD diss., Boston University.Google Scholar
Nodia, Ghia. 2009. “Components of the Georgian National Idea: An Outline.” Identity Studies in the Caucasus and the Black Sea Region 1 (1): 1–18. http://ojs.iliauni.edu.ge/index.php/identity studies/article/vie w/8/5.Google Scholar
Ong, Aihwa. 2011. “Hyperbuilding: Spectacle, Speculation, and the Hyperspace of Sovereignty.” In Worlding Cities: Asian Experiments and the Art of Being Global, edited by Ananya, Roy and Aihwa, Ong, 205226. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Orsi, Robert A. 2010. The Madonna of 115th Street: Faith and Community in Italian Harlem, 1880–1950. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Pace, Enzo. 2006. “Religion as Communication: The Changing Shape of Catholicism in Europe.” In Everyday Religion: Observing Religious Modern Lives, edited by Ammerman, Nancy T., 3749. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Serje, Margarita. 2009. ““To See a World in a Grain of Sand”: Space and Place on an Ethnographical Journey in Colombia.” In The Spatial Turn: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, edited by Warf, Barney and Arias, Santa, 137156. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Serrano, Silvia. 2010. “De-secularizing National Space in Georgia.” Identity Studies in the Caucasus and the Black Sea Region 2 (1): 1–22. http://ojs.iliauni.edu.ge/index.php/identitystudies/article/view/12/8.Google Scholar
Soja, Edward W. 1996. Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-imagined Places. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Sumbadze, Nana. 2012. Generations and Values, Public Policy Studies. Tbilisi: Institute for Policy Studies.Google Scholar
Tomka, Miklós. 2011. Expanding Religion: Religious Revival in Post-communist Central and Eastern Europe. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Turner, Victor. [1969] 1995. The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-structure. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
Turner, Victor, Harris, Janet C., and Park, Roberta J. 1983. “Liminal to Liminoid, in Play, Flow, and Ritual: An Essay in Comparative Symbology.” In Play, Games and Sports in Cultural Contexts, edited by Harris, Janet C. and Park, Roberta J., 123164. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Google Scholar
Van Assche, Kristof, and Salukvadze, Joseph. 2012. “Tbilisi Reinvented: Planning, Development and the Unfinished Project of Democracy in Georgia.” Planning Perspectives 27 (1): 124.Google Scholar
Assche, Van, Kristof, , Verschraegen, Gert, and Salukvadze, Joseph. 2010. “Changing Frames: Citizen and Expert Participation in Georgian Planning.” Planning, Practice & Research 25 (3): 377–395. doi:10.1080/02697459.2010.503431Google Scholar
Van Gennep, Arnold. [1909] 2011. The Rites of Passage. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Volkan, Vamik D. 1988. The Need to Have Enemies and Allies: From Clinical Practice to International Relationships. Northvale, NJ: J. Aronson.Google Scholar
Wheatley, Jonathan. 2009. “Managing Ethnic Diversity in Georgia: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back.” Central Asian Survey 28 (2): 119–134. doi:10.1080/02634930903034880.Google Scholar
Zedania, Giga. 2011. ““Nationalismus und Religion in Georgien.” Religion und Gesellschaft in Ost und West 6: 16–20. http://eprints.iliauni.edu.ge/129/.Google Scholar
Zedania, Giga, Tevzadze, Gigi, Andronikashvili, Zaal, and Ratiani, Sergo. 2012. Political Theology before Modernity and after. Tbilisi: Ilia State University Press.Google Scholar
Zviadadze, Sophie. 2014. “I ‘like’ my Patriarch. Religion on Facebook. New Forms of Religiosity in Contemporary Georgia.” Online-Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet 6. http://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/religions/article/view/17365.Google Scholar
Zviadadze, Sophie. 2015. “Die Georgische Orthodoxe Kirche und die Herausforderung der Moderne.” Religion und Gesellschaft in Ost und West 6–7: 1619.Google Scholar