Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-cfpbc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T14:59:15.482Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The drivers, trends and dietary impacts of non-nutritive sweeteners in the food supply: a narrative review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 November 2020

Cherie Russell ,
Carley Grimes ,
Phillip Baker ,
Katherine Sievert  and
Mark A. Lawrence
Cherie Russell*
Affiliation:
School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
Carley Grimes
Affiliation:
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
Phillip Baker
Affiliation:
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
Katherine Sievert
Affiliation:
School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
Mark A. Lawrence
Affiliation:
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
*
*Corresponding author: Cherie Russell, email caru@deakin.edu.au
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Poor diets, including excess added sugar consumption, contribute to the global burden of disease. Subsequently, many nutrition policies have been implemented to reduce added sugar intake and improve population health, including taxes, education, labelling and environmental interventions. A potential consequence of these policy actions is the substitution of added sugars with non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) in a variety of foods and beverages. NNS are used to reduce the energy and sugar content of foods and beverages while maintaining their palatability. Evidence of the toxicological risks of NNS is inconsistent, though concerns have been raised over the potential substitution effects of ultra-processed foods containing NNS for whole foods. This review aimed to provide an overview of current NNS food supply and consumption patterns, assess added sugar-reduction policies and their impact on NNS, and determine the impact of NNS on food choice, energy intake and diet quality. NNS are widely available in a variety of products, though most commonly in carbonated beverages, dairy products, confectionery, table-top sweeteners and fruit drinks. However, the longitudinal trends of different product categories, and differences between geographies and economy-income levels, require further study. Few studies have examined NNS consumption trends globally, though an increase in NNS consumption in beverages has been observed in some regions. Research examining how the increased availability of low-sugar, NNS-containing products affects global dietary patterns is limited, particularly in terms of their potential substitution effects.

Keywords

Non-nutritive sweetenersArtificial sweetenersFood supplySugarFood policy
Type
Review Article
Information
Nutrition Research Reviews , Volume 34 , Issue 2 , December 2021 , pp. 185 - 208
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Afshin, A, Sur, PJ, Fay, KA, et al. (2019) Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 393, 1958–1972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Health and Medical Research Council (2013) Australian Dietary Guidlines. Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council.Google Scholar
Hawkes, C, Jewell, J & Allen, K (2013) A food policy package for healthy diets and the prevention of obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases: the NOURISHING framework. Obes Rev 14, 159–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herforth, A, Arimond, M, Álvarez-Sánchez, C, et al. (2019) A global review of food-based dietary guidelines. Adv Nutr 10, 590–605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Food Standards Australia New Zealand (2016) Determining the Amount of Added Sugars and Free Sugars in Foods Listed in the AUSNUT 2011–13 Dataset. Canberra: Australian Government.Google Scholar
Popkin, BM & Hawkes, C (2016) Sweetening of the global diet, particularly beverages: patterns, trends, and policy responses. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 4, 174–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rikkers, W, Lawrence, D, Hafekost, K, et al. (2013) Trends in sugar supply and consumption in Australia: is there an Australian paradox? BMC Public Health 13, 668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health, Organization (2017) Guideline: Sugars Intake for Adults and Children. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
United States Department of Health and Human Services & United States Department of Agriculture (2015) 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 8th ed. Washington, DC: USDA.Google Scholar
Azaïs-Braesco, V, Sluik, D, Maillot, M, et al. (2017) A review of total & added sugar intakes and dietary sources in Europe. Nutr J 16, 6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steele, EM, Baraldi, LG, da Costa Louzada, ML, et al. (2016) Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the US diet: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 6, e009892.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanigorski, AM, Bell, AC & Swinburn, BA (2007) Association of key foods and beverages with obesity in Australian schoolchildren. Public Health Nutr 10, 152–157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hu, FB (2013) Resolved: there is sufficient scientific evidence that decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption will reduce the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related diseases. Obes Rev 14, 606–619.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (2015) Carbohyrates and Health. London: TSO.Google Scholar
Te Morenga, L, Mallard, S & Mann, J (2013) Dietary sugars and body weight: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies. BMJ 346, e7492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lang, T & Rayner, G (2007) Overcoming policy cacophony on obesity: an ecological public health framework for policymakers. Obes Rev 8, 165–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dixon, H, Borland, R, Segan, C, et al. (1998) Public reaction to Victoria’s “2 Fruit ‘n’ 5 Veg Every Day” campaign and reported consumption of fruit and vegetables. Prev Med 27, 572–582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leroy, P, Requillart, V, Soler, L, et al. (2016) An assessment of the potential health impacts of food reformulation. Eur J Clin Nutr 70, 694–699.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colchero, MA, Rivera-Dommarco, J, Popkin, BM, et al. (2017) In Mexico, evidence of sustained consumer response two years after implementing a sugar-sweetened beverage tax. Health Aff (Millwood) 36, 564–571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawkes, C (2010) The worldwide battle against soft drinks in schools. Am J Prev Med 38, 457–461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brinsden, H & Lobstein, T (2013) Comparison of nutrient profiling schemes for restricting the marketing of food and drink to children. Pediatr Obes 8, 325–337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crane, S, Egan, M & Browne, J (2016) Aboriginal Rethink Sugary Drink campaign. In International Social Marketing Conference 2006: Societal Wellbeing. Conference Proceedings, pp. 112–117. https://www.aasm.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/AASM-2016-ISM-Conference-Proceedings.pdf (accessed November 2020).Google Scholar
Thow, AM & Hawkes, C (2014) Global sugar guidelines: an opportunity to strengthen nutrition policy. Public Health Nutr 17, 2151–2155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peters, S, Dunford, E, Jones, A, et al. (2017) Incorporating added sugar improves the performance of the health star rating front-of-pack labelling system in Australia. Nutrients 9, 701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Federoff, HJ & Gostin, LO (2009) Evolving from reductionism to holism: is there a future for systems medicine? JAMA 302, 994–996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fardet, A & Rock, E (2015) From a reductionist to a holistic approach in preventive nutrition to define new and more ethical paradigms. Healthcare 3, 1054–1063.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scrinis, G (2013) Nutritionism: The Science and Politics of Dietary Advice, 1st ed. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schleifer, D (2012) The perfect solution: how trans fats became the healthy replacement for saturated fats. Technol Cult 53, 94–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Remig, V, Franklin, B, Margolis, S, et al. (2010) Trans fats in America: a review of their use, consumption, health implications, and regulation. J Am Diabetes Assoc 110, 585–592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Micha, R & Mozaffarian, D (2009) Trans fatty acids: effects on metabolic syndrome, heart disease and diabetes. Nat Rev Endocrinol 5, 335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kavanagh, K, Jones, KL, Sawyer, J, et al. (2007) Trans fat diet induces abdominal obesity and changes in insulin sensitivity in monkeys. Obesity 15, 1675–1684.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mensink, RP, Sanders, TA, Baer, DJ, et al. (2016) The increasing use of interesterified lipids in the food supply and their effects on health parameters. Adv Nutr 7, 719–729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mills, CE, Hall, WL & Berry, SEE (2017) What are interesterified fats and should we be worried about them in our diet? Nutr Bull 42, 153–158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, World Health Organization & Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1968) Specifications for the Identity and Purity of Food Additives and Their Toxicological Evaluation: Some Flavouring Substances and Non-Nutritive Sweetening Agents: Eleventh Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Geneva, 21–28 August 1967. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Chattopadhyay, S, Raychaudhuri, U & Chakraborty, R (2014) Artificial sweeteners – a review. J Food Sci Technol 51, 611–621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grembecka, M (2015) Sugar alcohols – their role in the modern world of sweeteners: a review. Eur Food Res Technol 241, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sylvetsky, AC, Hiedacavage, A, Shah, N, et al. (2019) From biology to behavior: a cross-disciplinary seminar series surrounding added sugar and low-calorie sweetener consumption. Obes Sci Pract 5, 203–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toews, I, Lohner, S, de Gaudry, DK, et al. (2019) Association between intake of non-sugar sweeteners and health outcomes: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials and observational studies. BMJ 364, k4718.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Azad, MB, Abou-Setta, AM, Chauhan, BF, et al. (2017) Nonnutritive sweeteners and cardiometabolic health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies. CMAJ 189, E929–E939.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, SP, Williams, K, Resendez, RG, et al. (2008) Fueling the obesity epidemic? Artificially sweetened beverage use and long-term weight gain. Obesity 16, 1894–1900.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, PE & Perez, V (2014) Low-calorie sweeteners and body weight and composition: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr 100, 765–777.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stellman, SD & Garfinkel, L (1986) Artificial sweetener use and one-year weight change among women. Prev Med 15, 195–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruiz-Ojeda, FJ, Plaza-Díaz, J, Sáez-Lara, MJ, et al. (2019) Effects of sweeteners on the gut microbiota: a review of experimental studies and clinical trials. Adv Nutr 10, S31–S48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Connor, L, Imamura, F, Lentjes, MA, et al. (2015) Prospective associations and population impact of sweet beverage intake and type 2 diabetes, and effects of substitutions with alternative beverages. Diabetologia 58, 1474–1483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhupathiraju, SN, Pan, A, Malik, VS, et al. (2012) Caffeinated and caffeine-free beverages and risk of type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 97, 155–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peters, JC, Wyatt, HR, Foster, GD, et al. (2014) The effects of water and non-nutritive sweetened beverages on weight loss during a 12-week weight loss treatment program. Obesity 22, 1415–1421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blackburn, GL, Kanders, BS, Lavin, PT, et al. (1997) The effect of aspartame as part of a multidisciplinary weight-control program on short- and long-term control of body weight. Am J Clin Nutr 65, 409–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imamura, F, O’Connor, L, Ye, Z, et al. (2015) Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction. BMJ 351, h3576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raben, A, Vasilaras, TH, Møller, AC, et al. (2002) Sucrose compared with artificial sweeteners: different effects on ad libitum food intake and body weight after 10 wk of supplementation in overweight subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 76, 721–729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nichol, AD, Holle, MJ & An, R (2018) Glycemic impact of non-nutritive sweeteners: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 72, 796–804.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madjd, A, Taylor, MA, Delavari, A, et al. (2015) Effects on weight loss in adults of replacing diet beverages with water during a hypoenergetic diet: a randomized, 24-wk clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 102, 1305–1312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuzma, JN, Cromer, G, Hagman, DK, et al. (2015) No difference in ad libitum energy intake in healthy men and women consuming beverages sweetened with fructose, glucose, or high-fructose corn syrup: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 102, 1373–1380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mishra, A, Ahmed, K, Froghi, S, et al. (2015) Systematic review of the relationship between artificial sweetener consumption and cancer in humans: analysis of 599,741 participants. Int J Clin Pract 69, 1418–1426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallus, S, Scotti, L, Negri, E, et al. (2006) Artificial sweeteners and cancer risk in a network of case–control studies. Ann Oncol 18, 40–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mawhinney, DB, Young, RB, Vanderford, BJ, et al. (2011) Artificial sweetener sucralose in US drinking water systems. Environ Sci Technol 45, 8716–8722.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheurer, M, Storck, FR, Brauch, H-J, et al. (2010) Performance of conventional multi-barrier drinking water treatment plants for the removal of four artificial sweeteners. Water Res 44, 3573–3584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brownell, KD & Koplan, JP (2011) Front-of-package nutrition labeling – an abuse of trust by the food industry? New Engl J Med 364, 2373–2375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, BN, Johnson, CD & Adams, A (2006) Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: secrets of the trade. J Chiropr Med 5, 101–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Popay, J, Roberts, H, Sowden, A, et al. (2006) Guidance on the Conduct of Narrative Synthesis in Systematic Reviews: A Product from the ESRC Methods Programme: Version 1. Lancaster: Lancaster University.Google Scholar
Ferrari, R (2015) Writing narrative style literature reviews. Med Writing 24, 230–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glaser, BG (1965) The constant comparative method of qualitative analysis. Soc Probl 12, 436–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fram, SM (2013) The constant comparative analysis method outside of grounded theory. Qual Rep 18, 1–25.Google Scholar
Durán Agúero, S, Noel, MDR, Arrivillaga, KC, et al. (2017) Comparison of nonnutritive artificial sweetener consumption among university students in Latin American: multicentric study. Arch Latinoam Nutr 67, 178–186.Google Scholar
Arcella, D, Le Donne, C, Piccinelli, R, et al. (2004) Dietary estimated intake of intense sweeteners by Italian teenagers. Present levels and projections derived from the INRAN-RM-2001 food survey. Food and Chem Toxicol 42, 677–685.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buffini, M, Goscinny, S, Van Loco, J, et al. (2018) Dietary intakes of six intense sweeteners by Irish adults. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 35, 425–438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chung, MS, Suh, HJ, Yoo, W, et al. (2005) Daily intake assessment of saccharin, stevioside, d-sorbitol and aspartame from various processed foods in Korea. Food Addit Contam 22, 1087–1097.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dellavalle, DM, Malek, AM, Hunt, KJ, et al. (2018) Low-calorie sweeteners in foods, beverages, and food and beverage additions: NHANES 2007–2012. Curr Dev Nutr 2, 5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Figueiredo, LD, Scapin, T, Fernandes, AC, et al. (2018) Where are the low-calorie sweeteners? An analysis of the presence and types of low-calorie sweeteners in packaged foods sold in Brazil from food labelling. Public Health Nutr 21, 447–453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garavaglia, MB, Garcia, VR, Zapata, MME, et al. (2018) Non-nutritive sweeteners: children and adolescent consumption and food sources. Arch Argent Pediatr 116, 186–191.Google ScholarPubMed
Grech, A, Kam, CO, Gemming, L, et al. (2018) Diet-quality and socio-demographic factors associated with non-nutritive sweetener use in the Australian population. Nutrients 10, 833.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janvier, S, Goscinny, S, Donne, CL, et al. (2015) Low-calorie sweeteners in food and food supplements on the Italian market. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill 8, 298–308.Google ScholarPubMed
Le Donne, C, Mistura, L, Goscinny, S, et al. (2017) Assessment of dietary intake of 10 intense sweeteners by the Italian population. Food Chem Toxicol 102, 186–197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ng, SW, Slining, MM & Popkin, BM (2012) Use of caloric and noncaloric sweeteners in US consumer packaged foods, 2005–2009. J Acad Nutr Diet 112, 1828–1834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sylvetsky, AC, Jin, YC, Clark, EJ, et al. (2017) Consumption of low-calorie sweeteners among children and adults in the United States. J Acad Nutr Diet 117, 441–448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zygler, A, Wasik, A, Kot-Wasik, A, et al. (2012) The content of high-intensity sweeteners in different categories of foods available on the Polish market. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 29, 1391–1401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pielak, M, Czarniecka-Skubina, E, Trafiaek, J, et al. (2019) Contemporary trends and habits in the consumption of sugar and sweeteners – a questionnaire survey among Poles. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16, 1164–1164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Lourdes Samaniego-Vaesken, M, Partearroyo, T, Cano, A, et al. (2019) Novel database of declared low- and no-calorie sweeteners from foods and beverages available in Spain. J Food Comp Anal 82, 103234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunford, EK, Taillie, LS, Miles, DR, et al. (2018) Non-nutritive sweeteners in the packaged food supply – an assessment across 4 countries. Nutrients 10, 257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vin, K, Connolly, A, McCaffrey, T, et al. (2013) Estimation of the dietary intake of 13 priority additives in France, Italy, the UK and Ireland as part of the FACET project. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 30, 2050–2080.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ha, M-S, Ha, S-D, Choi, S-H, et al. (2013) Assessment of exposure of Korean consumers to acesulfame K and sucralose using a stepwise approach. Int J Food Sci Nutr 64, 715–723.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Probst, YC, Dengate, A, Jacobs, J, et al. (2017) The major types of added sugars and non-nutritive sweeteners in a sample of Australian packaged foods. Public Health Nutr 20, 3228–3233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durán Agúero, S, Oñateb, G & Riverac, PH (2014) Consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners and nutritional status in 10–16 year old students. Arch Argent Pediatr 12, 207–214.Google Scholar
Ha, MS, Ha, SD, Choi, SH, et al. (2013) Assessment of Korean consumer exposure to sodium saccharin, aspartame and stevioside. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 30, 1238–1247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hedrick, VE, Passaro, EM, Davy, BM, et al. (2017) Characterization of non-nutritive sweetener intake in rural southwest Virginian adults living in a health-disparate region. Nutrients 9, 757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Y, Do, B, Lee, G, et al. (2017) Simultaneous determination of sodium saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame-K and sucralose in food consumed in Korea using high-performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light-scattering detection. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 34, 666–677.Google ScholarPubMed
Lino, C, Costa, I, Pena, A, et al. (2008) Estimated intake of the sweeteners, acesulfame-K and aspartame, from soft drinks, soft drinks based on mineral waters and nectars for a group of Portuguese teenage students. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 25, 1291–1296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martyn, DM, Nugent, AP, McNulty, BA, et al. (2016) Dietary intake of four artificial sweeteners by Irish pre-school children. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 33, 592–602.Google ScholarPubMed
Mesirow, MSC & Welsh, JA (2015) Changing beverage consumption patterns have resulted in fewer liquid calories in the diets of US children: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2010. J Acad Nutr Diet 115, 559–566.e4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piernas, C, Ng, SW & Popkin, B (2013) Trends in purchases and intake of foods and beverages containing caloric and low-calorie sweeteners over the last decade in the United States. Pediatr Obes 8, 294–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tayel, DI, Khamis, NA & Darwish, OA (2017) Artificial sweeteners consumption among Alexandria University students, Egypt. J High Institute Public Health 47, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sjöberg, AM & Penttilä, PL (1988) Intake of saccharin and cyclamate from Finnish foods between 1979 and 1985. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 186, 197–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huizinga, O & Hubert, M (2017) The content of caloric and non-caloric sweeteners in soft drinks in Germany. Obes Med 6, 11–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tennant, DR & Vlachou, A (2019) Potential consumer exposures to low/no calorie sweeteners: a refined assessment based upon market intelligence on use frequency, and consideration of niche applications. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 36, 1173–1183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boulton, J, Hashem, KM, Jenner, KH, et al. (2016) How much sugar is hidden in drinks marketed to children? A survey of fruit juices, juice drinks and smoothies. BMJ Open 6, e010330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, M, Lee, G, Lim, HS, et al. (2017) Safety assessment of 16 sweeteners for the Korean population using dietary intake monitoring and poundage method. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 34, 1500–1509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meenakshi, T, Khanna, SK & Mukul, D (2006) Usage of saccharin in food products and its intake by the population of Lucknow, India. Food Addit Contam 23, 1265–1275.Google Scholar
Leclercq, C, Berardi, D, Sorbillo, MR, et al. (1999) Intake of saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame K and cyclamate in Italian teenagers: present levels and projections. Food Addit Contam 16, 99–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sylvetsky, AC, Welsh, JA, Brown, RJ, et al. (2012) Low-calorie sweetener consumption is increasing in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 96, 640–646.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bleich, SN, Wolfson, JA, Vine, S, et al. (2014) Diet-beverage consumption and caloric intake among US adults, overall and by body weight. Am J Public Health 104, e72–e78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolt-Evensen, K, Vik, FN, Stea, TH, et al. (2018) Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and artificially sweetened beverages from childhood to adulthood in relation to socioeconomic status – 15 years follow-up in Norway. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 15, 8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drewnowski, A & Rehm, CD (2015) Socio-demographic correlates and trends in low-calorie sweetener use among adults in the United States from 1999 to 2008. Eur J Clin Nutr 69, 1035–1041.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattes, RD & Popkin, BM (2008) Nonnutritive sweetener consumption in humans: effects on appetite and food intake and their putative mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 89, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fakhouri, TH, Kit, BK & Ogden, CL (2012) Consumption of Diet Drinks in the United States, 2009–2010. NCHS Data Brief no. 109. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.Google ScholarPubMed
Bär, A & Biermann, C (1992) Intake of intense sweeteners in Germany. Z Ernahrungswiss 31, 25–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diogo, JS, Silva, LS, Pena, A, et al. (2013) Risk assessment of additives through soft drinks and nectars consumption on Portuguese population: a 2010 survey. Food Chem Toxicol 62, 548–553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huvaere, K, Vandevijvere, S, Hasni, M, et al. (2012) Dietary intake of artificial sweeteners by the Belgian population. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 29, 54–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mancini, F, Paul, D, Gauvreau, J, et al. (2015) Dietary exposure to benzoates (E210–E213), parabens (E214–E219), nitrites (E249–E250), nitrates (E251–E252), BHA (E320), BHT (E321) and aspartame (E951) in children less than 3 years old in France. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 32, 293–306.Google Scholar
Leth, T, Fabricius, N & Fagt, S (2007) Estimated intake of intense sweeteners from non-alcoholic beverages in Denmark. Food Addit Contam 24, 227–235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moskowitz, HR (1970) Sweetness and intensity of artificial sweeteners. Percept Psychophys 8, 40–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chia, CW, Shardell, M, Tanaka, T, et al. (2016) Chronic low-calorie sweetener use and risk of abdominal obesity among older adults: a cohort study. PLOS ONE 11, e0167241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malek, AM, Hunt, KJ, Dellavalle, DM, et al. (2018) Reported consumption of low-calorie sweetener in foods, beverages, and food and beverage additions by US adults: NHANES 2007–2012. Curr Dev Nutr 2, nzy054.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monteiro, LS, Hassan, BK, Rodrigues, PRM, et al. (2018) Use of table sugar and artificial sweeteners in Brazil: National Dietary Survey 2008–2009. Nutrients 10, 295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
An, R (2016) Beverage consumption in relation to discretionary food intake and diet quality among US adults, 2003 to 2012. J Acad Nutr Diet 116, 28–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bellisle, F, Altenburg de Assis, M, Fieux, B, et al. (2001) Use of ‘light’ foods and drinks in French adults: biological, anthropometric and nutritional correlates. J Hum Nutr Diet 14, 191–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drewnowski, A & Rehm, CD (2014) Consumption of low-calorie sweeteners among U.S. adults is associated with higher Healthy Eating Index (HEI 2005) scores and more physical activity. Nutrients 6, 4389–4403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jin, Y, Sylvetsky, AC, Kandula, NR, et al. (2018) Prevalence of low-calorie sweetener intake in South Asian adults. Nutr Health 24, 203–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Acton, RB, Jones, AC, Kirkpatrick, SI, et al. (2019) Taxes and front-of-package labels improve the healthiness of beverage and snack purchases: a randomized experimental marketplace. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 16, 46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alvarado, M, Kostova, D, Suhrcke, M, et al. (2017) Trends in beverage prices following the introduction of a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages in Barbados. Prev Med 105, S23–S25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarado, M, Unwin, N, Sharp, SJ, et al. (2019) Assessing the impact of the Barbados sugar-sweetened beverage tax on beverage sales: an observational study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 16, 13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Backholer, K, Sarink, D, Beauchamp, A, et al. (2016) The impact of a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages according to socio-economic position: a systematic review of the evidence. Public Health Nutr 19, 3070–3084.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandy, LK, Scarborough, P, Harrington, RA, et al. (2020) Reductions in sugar sales from soft drinks in the UK from 2015 to 2018. BMC Med 18, 20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Batis, C, Rivera, JA, Popkin, BM, et al. (2016) First-year evaluation of Mexico’s tax on nonessential energy-dense foods: an observational study. PLoS Med 13, e1002057.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bergallo, P, Castagnari, V, Fernández, A, et al. (2018) Regulatory initiatives to reduce sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in Latin America. PLOS ONE 13, e0205694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bollard, T, Maubach, N, Walker, N, et al. (2016) Effects of plain packaging, warning labels, and taxes on young people’s predicted sugar-sweetened beverage preferences: an experimental study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 13, 95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabrera Escobar, MA, Veerman, JL, Tollman, SM, et al. (2013) Evidence that a tax on sugar sweetened beverages reduces the obesity rate: a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 13, 1072.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caro, JC, Corvalán, C, Reyes, M, et al. (2018) Chile’s 2014 sugar-sweetened beverage tax and changes in prices and purchases of sugar-sweetened beverages: an observational study in an urban environment. PLoS Med 15, e1002597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cawley, J, Frisvold, D, Hill, A, et al. (2019) The impact of the Philadelphia beverage tax on purchases and consumption by adults and children. J Health Econ 67, 102225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Claro, RM, Levy, RB, Popkin, BM, et al. (2012) Sugar-sweetened beverage taxes in Brazil. Am J Public Health 102, 178–183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colchero, MA, Guerrero-López, CM, Molina, M, et al. (2016) Beverages sales in Mexico before and after implementation of a sugar sweetened beverage tax. PLOS ONE 11, e0163463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colchero, MA, Popkin, BM, Rivera, JA, et al. (2016) Beverage purchases from stores in Mexico under the excise tax on sugar sweetened beverages: observational study. BMJ 352, h6704.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cornelsen, L, Mytton, OT, Adams, J, et al. (2017) Change in non-alcoholic beverage sales following a 10-pence levy on sugar-sweetened beverages within a national chain of restaurants in the UK: interrupted time series analysis of a natural experiment. J Epidemiol Community Health 71, 1107–1112.Google Scholar
Falbe, J, Thompson, HR, Becker, CM, et al. (2016) Impact of the Berkeley excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Am J Public Health 106, 1865–1871.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gillison, F, Grey, E & Griffin, T (2020) Parents’ perceptions and responses to the UK soft drinks industry levy. J Nutr Educ Behav 52, 626–631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gustavsen, GW & Rickertsen, K (2011) The effects of taxes on purchases of sugar-sweetened carbonated soft drinks: a quantile regression approach. Appl Econ 43, 707–716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsiao, A & Wang, YC (2013) Reducing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption: evidence, policies, and economics. Curr Obes Rep 2, 191–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jou, J & Techakehakij, W (2012) International application of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxation in obesity reduction: factors that may influence policy effectiveness in country-specific contexts. Health Policy 107, 83–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirkpatrick, SI, Raffoul, A, Maynard, M, et al. (2018) Gaps in the evidence on population interventions to reduce consumption of sugars: a review of reviews. Nutrients 10, 1036.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, MM, Falbe, J, Schillinger, D, et al. (2019) Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption 3 years after the Berkeley, California, sugar-sweetened beverage tax. Am J Public Health 109, 637–639.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muhammad, A, Meade, B, Marquardt, DR, et al. (2019) Global patterns in price elasticities of sugar-sweetened beverage intake and potential effectiveness of tax policy: a cross-sectional study of 164 countries by sex, age and global-income decile. BMJ Open 9, e026390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakamura, R, Mirelman, AJ, Cuadrado, C, et al. (2018) Evaluating the 2014 sugar-sweetened beverage tax in Chile: an observational study in urban areas. PLoS Med 15, e1002596.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ortún, G V López-Valcárcel, B & Pinilla, J (2016) Tax on sugar sweetened beverages in Spain. Rev Esp Salud Publica 90, e1–e13.Google ScholarPubMed
Roberto, CA, Lawman, HG, Levasseur, MT, et al. (2019) Association of a beverage tax on sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverages with changes in beverage prices and sales at chain retailers in a large urban setting. JAMA 321, 1799–1810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, KE, Ells, LJ, McGowan, VJ, et al. (2017) A rapid review examining purchasing changes resulting from fiscal measures targeted at high sugar foods and sugar-sweetened drinks. Nutr Diabetes 7, 10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royo-Bordonada, MA, Fernandez-Escobar, C, Simon, L, et al. (2019) Impact of an excise tax on the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in young people living in poorer neighbourhoods of Catalonia, Spain: a difference in differences study. BMC Public Health 19, 1553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silver, LD, Ng, SW, Ryan-Ibarra, S, et al. (2017) Changes in prices, sales, consumer spending, and beverage consumption one year after a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages in Berkeley, California, US: a before-and-after study. PLoS Med 14, e1002283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, RD, Cornelsen, L, Quirmbach, D, et al. (2018) Are sweet snacks more sensitive to price increases than sugar-sweetened beverages: analysis of British food purchase data. BMJ Open 8, e019788.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sobhani, S & Babashahi, M (2019) Taxation for reducing purchase and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages: a systematic review. Int Arch Health Sci 6, 65–72.Google Scholar
Stacey, N, Mudara, C, Ng, SW, et al. (2019) Sugar-based beverage taxes and beverage prices: evidence from South Africa’s Health Promotion Levy. Soc Sci Med 238, 112465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Studdert, DM, Flanders, J & Mello, MM (2015) Searching for public health law’s sweet spot: the regulation of sugar-sweetened beverages. PLoS Med 12, e1001848.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vandevijvere, S & Vanderlee, L (2019) Effect of formulation, labelling, and taxation policies on the nutritional quality of the food supply. Curr Nutr Rep 8, 240–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waterlander, WE, Ni Mhurchu, C & Steenhuis, IHM (2014) Effects of a price increase on purchases of sugar sweetened beverages. Results from a randomized controlled trial. Appetite 78, 32–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhong, Y, Auchincloss, AH, Lee, BK, et al. (2018) The short-term impacts of the Philadelphia beverage tax on beverage consumption. Am J Prev Med 55, 26–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brownell, KD, Farley, T, Willett, WC, et al. (2009) The public health and economic benefits of taxing sugar-sweetened beverages. N Engl J Med 361, 1599–1605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chaloupka, FJ, Powell, LM & Warner, KE (2019) The use of excise taxes to reduce tobacco, alcohol, and sugary beverage consumption. Annu Rev Public Health 40, 187–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colchero, MA, Salgado, J, Unar-Munguía, M, et al. (2015) Price elasticity of the demand for sugar sweetened beverages and soft drinks in Mexico. Econ Hum Biol 19, 129–137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Cancer Research Fund International (2018) Lessons on Implementing a Robust Sugar Sweetened Beverage Tax. London: World Cancer Research Fund International.Google Scholar
Guerrero-López, CM, Unar-Munguía, M & Colchero, MA (2017) Price elasticity of the demand for soft drinks, other sugar-sweetened beverages and energy dense food in Chile. BMC Public Health 17, 180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, P, Jones, A & Thow, AM (2018) Accelerating the worldwide adoption of sugar-sweetened beverage taxes: strengthening commitment and capacity; comment on “The untapped power of soda taxes: incentivizing consumers, generating revenue, and altering corporate behavior”. Int J Health Policy Manag 7, 474–478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ogden, CL, Kit, BK, Carroll, MD, et al. (2011) Consumption of Sugar Drinks in the United States, 2005–2008, NCHS Data Brief no. 71. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.Google ScholarPubMed
Bezerra, IN, de Moura Souza, A, Pereira, RA, et al. (2013) Contribution of foods consumed away from home to energy intake in Brazilian urban areas: the 2008–9 Nationwide Dietary Survey. Br J Nutr 109, 1276–1283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Einav, L, Leibtag, ES & Nevo, A (2008) On the Accuracy of Nielsen Homescan Data. Economic Research Report no. 69. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Bleakley, A, Jordan, A, Mallya, G, et al. (2018) Do you know what your kids are drinking? Evaluation of a media campaign to reduce consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. Am J Health Promot 32, 1409–1416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bleakley, A, Jordan, AB, Hennessy, M, et al. (2015) Do emotional appeals in public service advertisements influence adolescents’ intention to reduce consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages? J Health Commun 20, 938–948.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farley, TA, Halper, HS, Carlin, AM, et al. (2017) Mass media campaign to reduce consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in a rural area of the United States. Am J Public Health 107, 989–995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordan, A, Bleakley, A, Hennessy, M, et al. (2015) Sugar-sweetened beverage-related public service advertisements and their influence on parents. Am Behav Sci 59, 1847–1865.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morley, BC, Niven, PH, Dixon, HG, et al. (2018) Controlled cohort evaluation of the LiveLighter mass media campaign’s impact on adults’ reported consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. BMJ Open 8, e019574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taber, DR, Chriqui, JF, Powell, LM, et al. (2012) Banning all sugar-sweetened beverages in middle schools: reduction of in-school access and purchasing but not overall consumption. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 166, 256–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fehring, E, Ferguson, M, Brown, C, et al. (2019) Supporting healthy drink choices in remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities: a community-led supportive environment approach. Aust N Z J Public Health 43, 551–557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Browne, J, Macdonald, C, Egan, M, et al. (2019) You wouldn’t eat 16 teaspoons of sugar – so why drink it? Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander responses to the LiveLighter sugary drink campaign. Health Promot J Aust 30, 212–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morley, B, Niven, P, Dixon, H, et al. (2019) Association of the LiveLighter mass media campaign with consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages: cohort study. Health Prom J Austr 30, Suppl. 1, 34–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doymaz, S & Neuspiel, DR (2009) The influence of pediatric resident counseling on limiting sugar-sweetened drinks in children. Clin Pediatr 48, 777–779.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luger, M, Winzer, E, Schätzer, M, et al. (2018) Gradual reduction of free sugars in beverages on sale by implementing the beverage checklist as a public health strategy. Eur J Public Health 28, 961–967.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nezami, BT, Ward, DS, Tate, DF, et al. (2018) A mHealth randomized controlled trial to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage intake in preschool-aged children. Pediatr Obes 13, 668–676.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zoellner, JM, Hedrick, VE, You, W, et al. (2016) Effects of a behavioral and health literacy intervention to reduce sugar-sweetened beverages: a randomized-controlled trial. Int J Behav NutrPhys Act 13, 38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vercammen, KA, Frelier, JM, Lowery, CM, et al. (2018) A systematic review of strategies to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among 0-year to 5-year olds. Obes Rev 19, 1504–1524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia, AL, Athifa, N, Hammond, E, et al. (2019) Community-based cooking programme ‘Eat Better Feel Better’ can improve child and family eating behaviours in low socioeconomic groups. J Epidemiol Community Health 74, 190–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, J-L, Guedes, CM & Lung, AE (2019) Smartphone-based healthy weight management intervention for Chinese American adolescents: short-term efficacy and factors associated with decreased weight. J Adolesc Health 64, 443–449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yuhas, M, Porter, KJ, Brock, D-JP, et al. (2019) Development and pilot testing of text messages to help reduce sugar-sweetened beverage intake among rural caregivers and adolescents: mixed methods study. JMIR Mhealth And Uhealth 7, e14785.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Avery, A, Bostock, L & McCullough, F (2015) A systematic review investigating interventions that can help reduce consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in children leading to changes in body fatness. J Hum Nutr Diet 28, Suppl. 1, 52–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bea, JW, Jacobs, L, Waits, J, et al. (2015) Need for specific sugar-sweetened beverage lessons for fourth- and fifth-graders. J Nutr Educ Behav 47, 36–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feng, D, Song, H, Esperat, MC, et al. (2016) A multicomponent intervention helped reduce sugar-sweetened beverage intake in economically disadvantaged Hispanic children. Am J Health Promot 30, 594–603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griffin, TL, Jackson, DM, McNeill, G, et al. (2015) A brief educational intervention increases knowledge of the sugar content of foods and drinks but does not decrease intakes in Scottish children aged 10–12 years. J Nutr Educ Behav 47, 367–373.e1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, MH & Yeon, JY (2018) Status and needs of nutrition education for children’s sugars intake reduction in elementary school. J Nutr Health 51, 433–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahman, AA, Jomaa, L, Kahale, LA, et al. (2018) Effectiveness of behavioral interventions to reduce the intake of sugar-sweetened beverages in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 76, 88–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rauba, J, Tahir, A, Milford, B, et al. (2017) Reduction of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in elementary school students using an educational curriculum of beverage sugar content. Glob Pediatr Health 4, 2333794X17711778.Google ScholarPubMed
Smith, LH & Holloman, C (2014) Piloting “sodabriety”: a school-based intervention to impact sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in rural Appalachian high schools. J Sch Health 84, 177–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tipton, JA (2016) Reducing sugar-sweetened beverage intake among students: school-based programs and policies that work. NASN Sch Nurse 31, 102–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van de Gaar, V, Jansen, W, van Grieken, A, et al. (2014) Effects of an intervention aimed at reducing the intake of sugar-sweetened beverages in primary school children: a controlled trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 11, 98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vézina-Im, L-A, Beaulieu, D, Bélanger-Gravel, A, et al. (2017) Efficacy of school-based interventions aimed at decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among adolescents: a systematic review. Public Health Nutr 20, 2416–2431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levy, DT, Friend, KB & Wang, YC (2011) A review of the literature on policies directed at the youth consumption of sugar sweetened beverages. Adv Nutr 2, 182S–200S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Veitch, J, Singh, A, van Stralen, MM, et al. (2011) Reduction in sugar-sweetened beverages is not associated with more water or diet drinks. Public Health Nutr 14, 1388–1393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grummon, AH, Cabana, MD, Hecht, AA, et al. (2019) Effects of a multipronged beverage intervention on young children’s beverage intake and weight: a cluster-randomized pilot study. Public Health Nutr 22, 2856–2867.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, LH, Sexton, C, Pettigrew, K, et al. (2019) “Bringing Tap Back”: expanding the “sodabriety” teen advisory council approach in Tennessee high schools. J Sch Nurs 2019, 1059840519850881.Google Scholar
Wang, ML, Otis, M, Rosal, MC, et al. (2019) Reducing sugary drink intake through youth empowerment: results from a pilot-site randomized study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 16, 58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Irwin, BR, Speechley, M, Wilk, P, et al. (2019) Promoting healthy beverage consumption habits among elementary school children: results of the Healthy Kids Community Challenge ‘Water Does Wonders’ interventions in London, Ontario. Can J Public Health 111, 257–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santaló, MI, Gibbons, S & Naylor, P-J (2019) Using food models to enhance sugar literacy among older adolescents: evaluation of a brief experiential nutrition education intervention. Nutrients 11, 1763.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, MB, Schneider, GE, Choi, Y-Y, et al. (2017) Association of a community campaign for better beverage choices with beverage purchases from supermarkets. JAMA Intern Med 177, 666–674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zahid, A & Reicks, M (2019) A newsletter/text message intervention promoting beverage-related parenting practices: pilot test results. Health Promot Pract 20, 897–904.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Billich, N, Blake, MR, Backholer, K, et al. (2018) The effect of sugar-sweetened beverage front-of-pack labels on drink selection, health knowledge and awareness: an online randomised controlled trial. Appetite 128, 233–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bleich, SN, Herring, BJ, Flagg, DD, et al. (2012) Reduction in purchases of sugar-sweetened beverages among low-income black adolescents after exposure to caloric information. Am J Public Health 102, 329–335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finkelstein, EA, Strombotne, KL, Chan, NL, et al. (2011) Mandatory menu labeling in one fast-food chain in King County, Washington. Am J Prev Med 40, 122–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weaver, D & Finke, M (2003) The relationship between the use of sugar content information on nutrition labels and the consumption of added sugars. Food Policy 28, 213–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bleich, SN, Barry, CL, Gary-Webb, TL, et al. (2014) Reducing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption by providing caloric information: how black adolescents alter their purchases and whether the effects persist. Am J Public Health 104, 2417–2424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartigan, P, Patton-Ku, D, Fidler, C, et al. (2017) Rethink your drink: reducing sugar-sweetened beverage sales in a children’s hospital. Health Prom Pract 18, 238–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boelsen-Robinson, T, Backholer, K, Corben, K, et al. (2017) The effect of a change to healthy vending in a major Australian health service on sales of healthy and unhealthy food and beverages. Appetite 114, 73–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franckle, RL, Levy, DE, Macias-Navarro, L, et al. (2018) Traffic-light labels and financial incentives to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage purchases by low-income Latino families: a randomized controlled trial. Public Health Nutr 21, 1426–1434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stamos, A, Lange, F & Dewitte, S (2019) Promoting healthy drink choices at school by means of assortment changes and traffic light coding: a field study. Food Qual Pref 71, 415–421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cawley, J, Sweeney, MJ, Sobal, J, et al. (2015) The impact of a supermarket nutrition rating system on purchases of nutritious and less nutritious foods. Public Health Nutr 18, 8–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hobin, E, Bollinger, B, Sacco, J, et al. (2017) Consumers’ response to an on-shelf nutrition labelling system in supermarkets: evidence to inform policy and practice. Milbank Q 95, 494–534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, RM, Anneken, A, Duffy, C, et al. (2015) Emoticon use increases plain milk and vegetable purchase in a school cafeteria without adversely affecting total milk purchase. Clin Ther 37, 1938–1943.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ares, G, Machin, L, Vidal, L, et al. (2020) How can we motivate people to use nutritional warnings in decision making? Citizen co-created insights for the development of communication campaigns. Health Educ Behav 47, 321–331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Durán Agúero, S, Silva Ocampo, P, Giménez Sánchez, J, et al. (2020) Stages of change in the purchase of packaged foods after phase 1 of the implementation of the new food policy in Chile 2017. Nutrition 71, 110593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grummon, AH, Taillie, LS, Golden, SD, et al. (2019) Sugar-sweetened beverage health warnings and purchases: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med 57, 601–610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mantzari, E, Vasiljevic, M, Turney, I, et al. (2018) Impact of warning labels on sugar-sweetened beverages on parental selection: an online experimental study. Prev Med Rep 12, 259–267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberto, CA, Wong, D, Musicus, A, et al. (2016) The influence of sugar-sweetened beverage health warning labels on parents’ choices. Pediatrics 137, e20153185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
VanEpps, EM & Roberto, CA (2016) The influence of sugar-sweetened beverage warnings a randomized trial of adolescents’ choices and beliefs. Am J Prev Med 51, 664–672.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kanter, R, Vanderlee, L & Vandevijvere, S (2018) Front-of-package nutrition labelling policy: global progress and future directions. Public Health Nutr 21, 1399–1408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bauhoff, S (2014) The effect of school district nutrition policies on dietary intake and overweight: a synthetic control approach. Econ Hum Biol 12, 45–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, JFW, Richardson, SA, Cluggish, SA, et al. (2015) Effects of choice architecture and chef-enhanced meals on the selection and consumption of healthier school foods. JAMA Pediatr 169, 431–437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ermetici, F, Zelaschi, RF, Briganti, S, et al. (2016) Association between a school-based intervention and adiposity outcomes in adolescents: The Italian “EAT” project. Obesity (Silver Spring) 24, 687–689.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emerson, M, Hudgens, M, Barnes, A, et al. (2017) Small prizes increased plain milk and vegetable selection by elementary school children without adversely affecting total milk purchase. Beverages 3, 14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elbel, B, Mijanovich, T, Abrams, C, et al. (2015) A water availability intervention in New York City public schools: influence on youths’ water and milk behaviors. Am J Public Health 105, 365–372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craddock, AL, McHugh, A, Mont-Ferguson, H, et al. (2011) Effect of school district policy change on consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among high school students, Boston, Massachusetts, 2004–2006. Prev Chronic Dis 8, A74.Google Scholar
Aldwell, K, Caillaud, C, Galy, O, et al. (2018) Tackling the consumption of high sugar products among children and adolescents in the Pacific islands: implications for future research. Healthcare (Basel) 6, 31.Google ScholarPubMed
Capacci, S, Mazzocchi, M & Shankar, B (2018) Breaking habits: the effect of the French vending machine ban on school snacking and sugar intakes. J Policy Anal Manage 37, 88–111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whatley Blum, JE, Davee, AM, Beaudoin, CM, et al. (2008) Reduced availability of sugar-sweetened beverages and diet soda has a limited impact on beverage consumption patterns in Maine high school youth. J Nutr Educ Behav 40, 341–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, DB, Bruemmer, B, Lund, AE, et al. (2009) Impact of school district sugar-sweetened beverage policies on student beverage exposure and consumption in middle schools. J Adolesc Health 45, Suppl. 3, S30–S37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moise, N, Cifuentes, E, Orozco, E, et al. (2011) Limiting the consumption of sugar sweetened beverages in Mexico’s obesogenic environment: a qualitative policy review and stakeholder analysis. J Public Health Policy 32, 458–475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fletcher, JM, Frisvold, D & Tefft, N (2010) Taxing soft drinks and restricting access to vending machines to curb child obesity. Health Aff (Millwood) 29, 1059–1066.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cotwright, CJ, Bradley, H, Celestin, N, et al. (2019) Beverage policy implementation by child and adult care food program participation and program type: a statewide examination in Georgia. Child Obes 15, 185–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muckelbauer, R, Libuda, L, Clausen, K, et al. (2009) Promotion and provision of drinking water in schools for overweight prevention: randomized, controlled cluster trial. Pediatrics 123, e661–e667.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, R & Kiesel, K (2012) Does limited access at school result in compensation at home? The effect of soft drink bans in schools on purchase patterns outside of schools. Eur Rev Agric Econ 39, 797–820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hua, SV, Kimmel, L, Van Emmenes, M, et al. (2017) Health promotion and healthier products increase vending purchases: a randomized factorial trial. J Acad Nutr Diet 117, 1057–1065.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hendy, HM, Williams, KE & Camise, TS (2011) Kid’s Choice Program improves weight management behaviors and weight status in school children. Appetite 56, 484–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Visscher, TLS, Van Hal, WC, Blokdijk, L, et al. (2010) Feasibility and impact of placing water coolers on sales of sugar-sweetened beverages in Dutch secondary school canteens. Obes Facts 3, 109–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siegel, RM, Geoppinger, R, Emerson, MM, et al. (2016) Small prizes to improve food selection in inner city elementary schools. J Pediatr Child Nutr 2, 100117.Google Scholar
Schwartz, MB, Novak, SA & Fiore, SS (2009) The impact of removing snacks of low nutritional value from middle schools. Health Educ Behav 36, 999–1011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, AE, Leardo, M, Aneja, S, et al. (2016) Effect of a school-based water intervention on child body mass index and obesity. JAMA Pediatr 170, 220–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Øverby, NC, Klepp, KI & Bere, E (2012) Introduction of a school fruit program is associated with reduced frequency of consumption of unhealthy snacks. Am J Clin Nutr 96, 1100–1103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lichtman-Sadot, S (2016) Does banning carbonated beverages in schools decrease student consumption? J Public Econ 140, 30–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hovdenak, IM, Bere, E & Stea, TH (2019) Time trends (1995–2008) in dietary habits among adolescents in relation to the Norwegian School Fruit Scheme: the HUNT study. Nutr J 18, 77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blake, MR, Peeters, A, Lancsar, E, et al. (2018) Retailer-led sugar-sweetened beverage price increase reduces purchases in a hospital convenience store in Melbourne, Australia: a mixed methods evaluation. J Acad Nutr Diet 118, 1027–1036.e8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eneli, IU, Oza-Frank, R, Grover, K, et al. (2014) Instituting a sugar-sweetened beverage ban: experience from a children’s hospital. Am J Public Health 104, 1822–1825.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albala, C, Ebbeling, CB, Cifuentes, M, et al. (2008) Effects of replacing the habitual consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages with milk in Chilean children. Am J Clin Nutr 88, 605–611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ebbeling, CB, Feldman, HA, Chomitz, VR, et al. (2012) A randomized trial of sugar-sweetened beverages and adolescent body weight. New Engl J Med 367, 1407–1416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breeze, P, Womack, R, Pryce, R, et al. (2018) The impact of a local sugar sweetened beverage health promotion and price increase on sales in public leisure centre facilities. PLOS ONE 13, e0194637.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
French, SA, Harnack, LJ, Hannan, PJ, et al. (2010) Worksite environment intervention to prevent obesity among metropolitan transit workers. Prev Med 50, 180–185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yan, S, Pappas, A, Yuan, MD, et al. (2019) Evaluating healthy vending at the American Heart Association National Center: a pilot study. Am J Health Promot 33, 928–932.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gustafson, A, Ng, SW & Jilcott Pitts, S (2019) The association between the “Plate it Up Kentucky” supermarket intervention and changes in grocery shopping practices among rural residents. Transl Behav Med 9, 865–874.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brimblecombe, J, Ferguson, M, Chatfield, MD, et al. (2017) Effect of a price discount and consumer education strategy on food and beverage purchases in remote Indigenous Australia: a stepped-wedge randomised controlled trial. Lancet Public Health 2, e82–e95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, GD, Karpyn, A, Wojtanowski, AC, et al. (2014) Placement and promotion strategies to increase sales of healthier products in supermarkets in low-income, ethnically diverse neighborhoods: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 99, 1359–1368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peters, J, Beck, J, Lande, J, et al. (2016) Using healthy defaults in Walt Disney World restaurants to improve nutritional choices. J Assoc Consum Res 1, 92–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ni Mhurchu, C, Blakely, T, Jiang, Y, et al. (2010) Effects of price discounts and tailored nutrition education on supermarket purchases: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 91, 736–747.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ball, K, McNaughton, SA, Le, HN, et al. (2015) Influence of price discounts and skill-building strategies on purchase and consumption of healthy food and beverages: outcomes of the Supermarket Healthy Eating for Life randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 101, 1055–1064.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Raaij, J, Hendriksen, M & Verhagen, H (2009) Potential for improvement of population diet through reformulation of commonly eaten foods. Public Health Nutr 12, 325–330.Google ScholarPubMed
World Cancer Research Fund International (2019) NOURISHING and MOVING policy databases. https://www.wcrf.org/int/policy/nourishing-database (accessed November 2020).Google Scholar
Public Health England (2018) Sugar Reduction Programme: Progress Made by Industry in the First Year. London: Public Health England. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/sugar-reduction-report-on-first-year-progress (accessed November 2020).Google Scholar
Hashem, KM, He, FJ & MacGregor, GA (2019) Effects of product reformulation on sugar intake and health – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 77, 181–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welsh, JA, Lundeen, EA & Stein, AD (2013) The sugar-sweetened beverage wars: public health and the role of the beverage industry. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 20, 401–406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borges, MC, Louzada, ML, de Sá, TH, et al. (2017) Artificially sweetened beverages and the response to the global obesity crisis. PLoS Med 14, e1002195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elfhag, K, Tynelius, P, Rasmussen, F (2007) Sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks in association to restrained, external and emotional eating. Physiol Behav 91, 191–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piernas, C, Mendez, MA, Ng, SW, et al. (2013) Low-calorie- and calorie-sweetened beverages: diet quality, food intake, and purchase patterns of US household consumers. Am J Clin Nutr 99, 567–577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duffey, KJ, Steffen, LM, Van Horn, L, et al. (2012) Dietary patterns matter: diet beverages and cardiometabolic risks in the longitudinal Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Am J Clin Nutr 95, 909–915.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rusmevichientong, P, Mitra, S, McEligot, AJ, et al. (2018) The association between types of soda consumption and overall diet quality: evidence from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Calif J Health Promot 16, 24–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Binkley, J & Golub, A (2007) Comparison of grocery purchase patterns of diet soda buyers to those of regular soda buyers. Appetite 49, 561–571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, S, Horgan, G, Francis, L, et al. (2016) Low calorie beverage consumption is associated with energy and nutrient intakes and diet quality in British adults. Nutrients 8, 9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sigman-Grant, MJ & Hsieh, G (2005) Reported use of reduced-sugar foods and beverages reflect high-quality diets. J Food Sci 70, S42–S46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piernas, C, Tate, DF, Wang, XS, et al. (2013) Does diet-beverage intake affect dietary consumption patterns? Results from the Choose Healthy Options Consciously Everyday (CHOICE) randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 97, 604–611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duffey, KJ & Popkin, BM (2006) Adults with healthier dietary patterns have healthier beverage patterns. J Nutr 136, 2901–2907.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brunkwall, L, Almgren, P, Hellstrand, S, et al. (2019) Commonly consumed beverages associate with different lifestyle and dietary intakes. Int J Food Sci Nutr 70, 88–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fantino, M, Fantino, A, Matray, M, et al. (2018) Beverages containing low energy sweeteners do not differ from water in their effects on appetite, energy intake and food choices in healthy, non-obese French adults. Appetite 2018, 557–565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leahy, M, Ratliff, J, Riedt, C, et al. (2017) Consumption of low-calorie sweetened beverages compared to water is associated with reduced intake of carbohydrates and sugar, with no adverse relationships to glycemic responses: results from the 2001–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Nutrients 9, 928.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markey, O, Le Jeune, J & Lovegrove, JA (2016) Energy compensation following consumption of sugar-reduced products: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 55, 2137–2149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sørensen, LB, Vasilaras, TH, Astrup, A, et al. (2014) Sucrose compared with artificial sweeteners: a clinical intervention study of effects on energy intake, appetite, and energy expenditure after 10 wk of supplementation in overweight subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 100, 36–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ratliff, JC, Riedt, CS & Fulgoni, VL III (2019) Consumption of low-calorie sweetened beverages and water is associated with lower intake of carbohydrates and sugars and not associated with glycemic response in U.S. non-diabetic adolescents: results from the 2001–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Nutrition: X 1, 100003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sylvetsky, AC, Figueroa, J, Zimmerman, T, et al. (2019) Consumption of low-calorie sweetened beverages is associated with higher total energy and sugar intake among children, NHANES 2011–2016. Pediatr Obes 14, e12535.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piernas, C, Ng, SW, Mendez, MA, et al. (2015) A dynamic panel model of the associations of sweetened beverage purchases with dietary quality and food-purchasing patterns. Am J Epidemiol 181, 661–671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winther, R, Aasbrenn, M & Farup, PG (2017) Intake of non-nutritive sweeteners is associated with an unhealthy lifestyle: a cross-sectional study in subjects with morbid obesity. BMC Obes 4, 41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Higgins, KA & Mattes, RD (2019) A randomized controlled trial contrasting the effects of 4 low-calorie sweeteners and sucrose on body weight in adults with overweight or obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 109, 1288–1301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tordoff, MG & Alleva, AM (1990) Effect of drinking soda sweetened with aspartame or high-fructose corn syrup on food intake and body weight. Am J Clin Nutr 51, 963–969.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reid, M, Hammersley, R, Hill, AJ, et al. (2007) Long-term dietary compensation for added sugar: effects of supplementary sucrose drinks over a 4-week period. Br J Nutr 97, 193–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sylvetsky, AC, Jin, Y, Mathieu, K, et al. (2017) Low-calorie sweeteners: disturbing the energy balance equation in adolescents? Obesity 25, 2049–2054.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tate, DF, Turner-McGrievy, G, Lyons, E, et al. (2012) Replacing caloric beverages with water or diet beverages for weight loss in adults: main results of the Choose Healthy Options Consciously Everyday (CHOICE) randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 95, 555–563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stookey, JD, Constant, F, Gardner, CD, et al. (2007) Replacing sweetened caloric beverages with drinking water is associated with lower energy intake. Obesity 15, 3013–3022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, RS, Charrondiere, UR & Bell, W (2017) Measurement errors in dietary assessment using self-reported 24-hour recalls in low-income countries and strategies for their prevention. Adv Nutr 8, 980–991.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, RS (2005) Principles of Nutritional Assessment. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Birch, LL, McPhee, L & Sullivan, S (1989) Children’s food intake following drinks sweetened with sucrose or aspartame: time course effects. Physiol Behav 45, 387–395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gadah, NS, Brunstrom, JM & Rogers, PJ (2016) Cross-over studies underestimate energy compensation: the example of sucrose- versus sucralose-containing drinks. Appetite 107, 398–405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, NA, Appleton, K, Rogers, PJ, et al. (1999) Effects of sweetness and energy in drinks on food intake following exercise. Physiol Behav 66, 375–379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lavin, J, French, S & Read, N (1997) The effect of sucrose- and aspartame-sweetened drinks on energy intake, hunger and food choice of female, moderately restrained eaters. Int J Obes 21, 37–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, PJ & Blundell, JE (1989) Separating the actions of sweetness and calories: effects of saccharin and carbohydrates on hunger and food intake in human subjects. Physiol Behav 45, 1093–1099.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tey, S, Salleh, N, Henry, J, et al. (2017) Effects of aspartame-, monk fruit-, stevia- and sucrose-sweetened beverages on postprandial glucose, insulin and energy intake. Int J Obes 41, 450–457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, GH, Saravis, S, Schacher, R, et al. (1989) Aspartame: effect on lunch-time food intake, appetite and hedonic response in children. Appetite 13, 93–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anton, SD, Martin, CK, Han, H, et al. (2010) Effects of stevia, aspartame, and sucrose on food intake, satiety, and postprandial glucose and insulin levels. Appetite 55, 37–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beridot-Therond, M, Arts, I, Fantino, MD, et al. (1998) Short-term effects of the flavour of drinks on ingestive behaviours in man. Appetite 31, 67–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, RM, Leiter, LA & Anderson, GH (1993) Consuming aspartame with and without taste: differential effects on appetite and food intake of young adult males. Physiol Behav 53, 459–466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, RM, Tanaka, P, Leiter, LA, et al. (1991) Soft drinks with aspartame: effect on subjective hunger, food selection, and food intake of young adult males. Physiol Behav 49, 803–810.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brala, PM & Hagen, RL (1983) Effects of sweetness perception and caloric value of a preload on short term intake. Physiol Behav 30, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canty, DJ & Chan, MM (1991) Effects of consumption of caloric vs noncaloric sweet drinks on indices of hunger and food consumption in normal adults. Am J Clin Nutr 53, 1159–1164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dellavalle, DM, Roe, LS & Rolls, BJ (2005) Does the consumption of caloric and non-caloric beverages with a meal affect energy intake? Appetite 44, 187–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drewnowski, A, Massien, C, Louis-Sylvestre, J, et al. (1994) Comparing the effects of aspartame and sucrose on motivational ratings, taste preferences, and energy intakes in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 59, 338–345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flood, JE, Roe, LS & Rolls, BJ (2006) The effect of increased beverage portion size on energy intake at a meal. J Am Diet Assoc 106, 1984–1990.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holt, SH, Sandona, N & Brand-Miller, JC (2000) The effects of sugar-free vs sugar-rich beverages on feelings of fullness and subsequent food intake. Int J Food Sci Nutr 51, 59–71.Google ScholarPubMed
Mattes, R (1990) Effects of aspartame and sucrose on hunger and energy intake in humans. Physiol Behav 47, 1037–1044.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodin, J (1990) Comparative effects of fructose, aspartame, glucose, and water preloads on calorie and macronutrient intake. Am J Clin Nutr 51, 428–435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, PJ, Carlyle, J-A, Hill, AJ, et al. (1988) Uncoupling sweet taste and calories: comparison of the effects of glucose and three intense sweeteners on hunger and food intake. Physiol Behav 43, 547–552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolls, BJ (1991) Effects of intense sweeteners on hunger, food intake, and body weight: a review. Am J Clin Nutr 53, 872–878.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolls, BJ, Kim, S & Fedoroff, IC (1990) Effects of drinks sweetened with sucrose or aspartame on hunger, thirst and food intake in men. Physiol Behav 48, 19–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolls, BJ, Laster, LJ & Summerfelt, A (1989) Hunger and food intake following consumption of low-calorie foods. Appetite 13, 115–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryan-Harshman, M, Leiter, LA & Anderson, GH (1987) Phenylalanine and aspartame fail to alter feeding behavior, mood and arousal in men. Physiol Behav 39, 247–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Engelen, M, Armstrong, T, Rossiter, M, et al. (2012) The effect of sugars in solution on subjective appetite and short-term food intake in normal weight boys. FASEB J 26, 40.7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ford, H, Peters, V, Martin, N, et al. (2011) Effects of oral ingestion of sucralose on gut hormone response and appetite in healthy normal-weight subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 65, 508–513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, JF (2000) Lunch eating behavior of preschool children: effects of age, gender, and type of beverage served. Physiol Behav 70, 27–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farhat, G, Berset, V & Moore, L (2019) Effects of stevia extract on postprandial glucose response, satiety and energy intake: a three-arm crossover trial. Nutrients 11, 3036.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chern, C & Tan, S-Y (2019) Energy expenditure, carbohydrate oxidation and appetitive responses to sucrose or sucralose in humans: a pilot study. Nutrients 11, 1782.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, PJ, Pleming, HC & Blundell, JE (1990) Aspartame ingested without tasting inhibits hunger and food intake. Physiol Behav 47, 1239–1243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, PJ, Keedwell, P & Blundell, JE (1991) Further analysis of the short-term inhibition of food intake in humans by the dipeptide l-aspartyl-l-phenylalanine methyl ester (aspartame). Physiol Behav 49, 739–743.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, PJ, Burley, VJ, Alikhanizadeh, LA, et al. (1995) Postingestive inhibition of food intake by aspartame: importance of interval between aspartame administration and subsequent eating. Physiol Behav 57, 489–493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Wymelbeke, V, Beridot-Therond, M, de La Gueronniere, V, et al. (2004) Influence of repeated consumption of beverages containing sucrose or intense sweeteners on food intake. Eur J Clin Nutr 58, 154–161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Penders, B, Wolters, A, Feskens, EF, et al. (2017) Capable and credible? Challenging nutrition science. Eur J Clin Nutr 56, 2009–2012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker-Smith, CM, de Ferranti, SD & Cochran, WJ (2019) The use of nonnutritive sweeteners in children. Pediatrics 144, e20192765.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wardle, J & Steptoe, A (2003) Socioeconomic differences in attitudes and beliefs about healthy lifestyles. J Epidemiol Community Health 57, 440–443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiefer, I, Rathmanner, T, Kunze, M (2005) Eating and dieting differences in men and women. Journal Mens Health Gender 2, 194–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Q (2010) Gain weight by “going diet?” Artificial sweeteners and the neurobiology of sugar cravings: Neuroscience 2010. Yale J Biol Med 83, 101–108.Google ScholarPubMed
Gardner, C (2014) Non-nutritive sweeteners: evidence for benefit vs. risk. Curr Opin Lipidol 25, 80–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Visek, AJ, Blake, EF, Otterbein, M, et al. (2019) SWEET MAPS: a conceptualization of low-calorie sweetener consumption among young adults. Curr Dev Nutr 3, nzy103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riobó Serván, P, Sierra Poyatos, R & Soldo Rodríguez, J (2014) Low and no calorie sweeteners (LNCS); myths and realities. Nutr Hosp 30, Suppl. 2, e49–e55.Google ScholarPubMed
Mandrioli, D, Kearns, CE & Bero, LA (2016) Relationship between research outcomes and risk of bias, study sponsorship, and author financial conflicts of interest in reviews of the effects of artificially sweetened beverages on weight outcomes: a systematic review of reviews. PLOS ONE 11, e0162198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lundh, A, Lexchin, J, Mintzes, B, et al. (2017) Industry sponsorship and research outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, issue 2, MR000033.Google ScholarPubMed
Bes-Rastrollo, M, Schulze, MB, Ruiz-Canela, M, et al. (2013) Financial conflicts of interest and reporting bias regarding the association between sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review of systematic reviews. PLoS Med 10, e1001578.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hennessy, M, Cullerton, K, Baker, P, et al. (2019) Time for complete transparency about conflicts of interest in public health nutrition research. HRB Open Res 2, 12894.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archer, E, Hand, GA & Blair, SN (2013) Validity of US nutritional surveillance: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey caloric energy intake data, 1971–2010. PLOS ONE 8, e76632.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, P & Friel, S (2014) Processed foods and the nutrition transition: evidence from Asia. Obes Rev 15, 564–577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, P & Friel, S (2016) Food systems transformations, ultra-processed food markets and the nutrition transition in Asia. Global Health 12, 80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed