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    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Toxopeus, Jantina and Sinclair, Brent J. 2018. Mechanisms underlying insect freeze tolerance. Biological Reviews,
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    Wharton, David A. 2011. Cold tolerance of New Zealand alpine insects. Journal of Insect Physiology, Vol. 57, Issue. 8, p. 1090.
    Worland, M.R. Wharton, D.A. and Byars, S.G. 2004. Intracellular freezing and survival in the freeze tolerant alpine cockroach Celatoblatta quinquemaculata. Journal of Insect Physiology, Vol. 50, Issue. 2-3, p. 225.
    Lewis, Edwin E and Shapiro-Ilan, David I 2002. Host cadavers protect entomopathogenic nematodes during freezing. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, Vol. 81, Issue. 1, p. 25.
    Wharton, David 2002. The Biology of Nematodes. p. 389.
    Brown, I.M Lovett, B.J Grewal, P.S and Gaugler, R 2002. Latent infection: a low temperature survival strategy in steinernematid nematodes. Journal of Thermal Biology, Vol. 27, Issue. 6, p. 531.
    Woodhams, Douglas C Costanzo, Jon P Kelty, Jonathan D and Lee, Jr., Richard E 2000. Cold hardiness in two helminth parasites of the freeze-tolerant wood frog, Rana sylvatica. Canadian Journal of Zoology, Vol. 78, Issue. 6, p. 1085.
    Wharton, D. A. 1999. Parasites and low temperatures. Parasitology, Vol. 119, Issue. S1, p. S7.
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    Brown, I.M and Gaugler, R 1998. Survival of Steinernematid nematodes exposed to freezing. Journal of Thermal Biology, Vol. 23, Issue. 2, p. 75.
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Cold tolerance of an endoparasitic nematode within a freezing-tolerant orthopteran host

  • C. Tyrrell (a1), D. A. Wharton (a1), H. Ramløv (a1) and H. Moller (a1)
Summary

Wetanema sp. is a nematode parasite of the hind gut of the freezing-tolerant orthopteran Hemideina maori (a New Zealand alpine weta). The prevalence and intensity of infection remains high throughout the winter, suggesting that the parasite can survive despite the regular freezing of the host. In the laboratory, Wetanema has survived freezing within its host to temperatures as low as −61 °C, much lower than the supercooling point or lower lethal temperature of the weta. The freezing tolerance of the parasite is therefore much greater than that of its host. Female worms survived lower temperatures better than males and juveniles. Parasites might assist the freezing tolerance of their host if they acted as endogenous ice nucleators. However, there was no relationship between the size of the worm burden and the supercooling point of the host and no significant difference between the supercooling points of infected and uninfected hosts. The freezing and subsequent survival of isolated Wetanema was observed directly on a microscope cold stage. This parasite of a freezing- tolerant host is thus also freezing tolerant. There are few other reports of a parasite surviving freezing within a living host.

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COPYRIGHT: © Cambridge University Press 1994
References
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Parasitology
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